Abstract

Keywords

Technology; legal profession; HiveLaw; legal education; Fourth Industrial Revolution; 4IR; transformative legal education; access to justice; legal education.

……………………………………………………….

1 Introduction

Section 34 of the South African Constitution, 1996 provides that "everyone has the right to have any dispute resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before a court or, where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum." In 2015 South Africa was one of 193 countries that adopted the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 1

* Marc Welgemoed. B Iuris LLB (cum laude) (UPE) LLM (cum laude) (NMMU) LLD (Nelson Mandela University). Senior Lecturer in the Department of Criminal and Procedural Law, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa. Email: marc.welgemoed@mandela.ac.za. ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-276X.

** Lindi Coetzee. B Iuris LLB (UPE) LLM (Unisa). Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mercantile Law at Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa. Email: Lindi.Coetzee@mandela.ac.za. ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-4338.

*** Retha Beerman. BLC (UP) LLB (UNISA) LLM (University of Michigan). Director, Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc, Johannesburg, South Africa. Email: retha.beerman@cdhlegal.com.

**** Elbi J van Vuuren. BLC LLB (cum laude) (UP) LLM (University of Arizona). Director, StrategicPulse Consulting, South Africa. Email: elbi.vanvuuren@ strategicpulse.co.za.

1 UN 2023 https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda; Statistics South Africa 2019 https://www.statssa.gov.za/MDG/SDGs_Country_Report_2019_South_Africa.pdf.

to justice will also contribute to achieving some of the other UN Sustainable Development Goals, e.g., SDGs 1 and 2 Eradicating poverty and Hunger. 7

7 OECD Issues Brief 2016 https://www.oecd.org/gov/delivering-access-to-justice-for-all.pdf.

The Council for Higher Education's standard for the Bachelor of Laws provides that one of the characteristics of the professional degree is that it "prepares students for professional training, postgraduate studies, or professional practice in a wide range of careers." 8

8 Council for Higher Education 2015 https://www.che.ac.za/file/7297/download? token=JjuWknW1.

In this article we consider a pilot project that forms part of a public/private partnership between the Nelson Mandela Faculty of Law, the University's Information and Communication Technology department, and a consortium of legal practitioners (including Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr and various industry players). This project piloted HiveLaw, a SharePoint-based practice management solution custom designed to fit university law clinics' dual purpose. The pilot took place during 2022 to 2023. The discussion will illuminate the origin of HiveLaw at Nelson Mandela University, and also explain its various components and basic operation. Particularly important will be the discussion around the benefits of HiveLaw as far as transformative legal education as part of CLE is concerned, as well as the important and innovative role it can play in respect of improving access to justice.

2 Fourth Industrial Revolution

The world currently finds itself in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). The World Economic Forum poses the following questions with regard to this period:

(a) are current technologies tools that people can identify, take control of, and consciously use in manners to improve people's lives? 11

11 World Economic Forum 2016 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the- fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/.

(b) is current technology a powerful object and an enabler that has an influence on human perception of the world, which can change our behaviour as well as the human perception of what it means to be human? 12

12 World Economic Forum 2016 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/.

The World Economic Forum furthermore responds to the abovementioned questions in the following manner: 13

13 World Economic Forum 2016 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/.

Technologies are emerging and affecting our lives in ways that indicate we are at the beginning of a Fourth Industrial Revolution , a new era that builds and extends the impact of digitization in new and unanticipated ways. It is therefore worthwhile taking some time to consider exactly what kind of shifts we are experiencing and how we might, collectively and individually, ensure that it creates benefits for the many, rather than the few.

The 4IR can be defined as the advent of cyber-physical systems 14

14 Berkeley CPS Publications date unknown https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/ cps/. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) refer to integrations of computation, networking, and physical processes. The physical processes are controlled by embedded computers and networks.

revolutionise the legal profession. Morgan remarks as follows in this regard: 18

18 Morgan 2011 GW Law Faculty Publications and Other Works 8.

Indeed, we may not be far from future development of ‘expert systems’ that can even begin to do basic legal reasoning and analysis. For as long as computers are restricted to dealing with language rather than abstract concepts, human beings are likely to be better at discerning patterns in apparently disparate information. There seems little doubt, however, that in areas of the law where words are regularly used in patterns, expert systems may indeed be possible.

It has already been argued that sophisticated algorithms are gradually performing several tasks normally performed by paralegals and legal practitioners. 19

19 Hutchinson 2017 Mon LR 569. Also see Frey and Osborne 2013 https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/future-of-employment.pdf 2-3 in this regard.

From the outset it can be said that, regardless of what type of legal career law graduates pursue, they will need to be skilled in computer-based technology to execute their work effectively. 21

21 Quinot and Greenbaum 2015 Stell LR 57.

values enshrined in the Constitution. 26

26 See Zitske 2014 Acta Academica 55 in this regard.

The nature of a legal practitioners' daily work has not really changed much since the Industrial Revolution 32

32 See Britannica 2023 https://www.britannica.com/money/Industrial-Revolution.

In the field of law, practitioners have fairly readily adopted law office, case management, and communications technologies, for better or for worse. But

the acceptance of technological assistance with handling the substance of the law and in the courts has been slower. 37

37 Also see Heyink Introduction to Cloud Computing 2, where the author states that the law in South Africa has fallen behind as far as the advancement of new technologies is concerned.

However slow, the legal profession has indeed started to adapt to the digital age. This adaptation has also been prompted by the growing pressures for change in the profession. 38

38 Barnhizer 1979 J Leg Ed 68. The November 2020 paper delivered to the International Bar Association's annual meeting in Miami entitled "Developing a Blueprint for Global Legal Education" was the result of an ambitious research project led by the Law Schools Global League, with the overarching objective of developing a "blueprint" outlining the main trends, challenges and opportunities emerging in legal education. One of the key learnings listed in the final "blueprint" is that: "Law schools should include courses on legal tech. Some believe there should be programmes fully focused on legal tech." It was found that technology is one of the three greatest challenges for legal education internationally.

3 The need for HiveLaw at the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic

3.1 Law clinics in general

The Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic, like all other law clinics around the world, renders professional and free legal services to indigent members of society. It operates like a conventional law firm except for certain types of legal services that are statutorily precluded from its daily operation. 41

41 See Rule 36.1.6 in Gen N 401 in GG 41781 of 20 July 2018 in this regard. A complete listing of and discussion relating to these services falls outside the scope of this paper.

practice, legal education and the functioning of the legal system. 43

43 Wizner 2002 Fordham L Rev 1929.

3.2 The Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic prior to HiveLaw

Previously the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic conducted all its daily operations in a paper-based manner. This does not mean that the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic did not have any digital measures n place to facilitate administrative matters. Indeed, there was an electronic database and SharePoint site on which client file details and other documents were captured. However, the electronic database contained only the initials, surname and file number of the clients. The SharePoint site contained only documents like statistics and templates of a selection of pleadings, but nothing else. Appointments were written down in a conventional office desk diary. Attorneys, candidate attorneys and students relied on paper-based templates – but also electronic templates sometimes – for guidance when drafting letters, pleadings or other legal documents. Consultation notes, client details and documentation relevant to clients' cases were kept in dedicated paper-based client files. All notes, after the initial consultation, were made by way of pen entries in the paper-based client files. When students worked at the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic, their drafting work would sometimes be done by way of pen on paper, although some advancements occurred (e.g., that students successfully adapted to delivering typed work electronically). The assessment of students' work happened either by way of marking written or printed documents with pen, or by making comments and/or track changes on electronic documents.

3.3 The creation and purpose of LawLabz

Quality legal services in South Africa are unavailable to most people. Despite the recent progress, the training provided to aspirant lawyers in

university law clinics does not always include the use of the technology used in the provision of legal services and is sometimes disconnected from the technological realities of modern legal practice. Other concerns may include challenges in respect of data collection and the dangers of relying on inaccurate data, which impacts negatively on stakeholders. The combination of the lack of access to justice, challenges in respect of training in practical aspects of servicing clients, and the cost of software to enable quality legal services is a cause for concern. This stands in stark contrast to the technology and tools readily available to those with the means to pay for them. The reality is that many people might have no or limited access to justice because their lawyer was not adequately trained in the use of modern legal technology, cannot afford it, or is simply unaware of the efficiencies to be gained through proper practice management using tools that safeguard the integrity of data, streamline practice management, and efficiently represent clients. 45

45 SALRC Report, Project 142 para 4 of the Executive Summary xxvi, paras 1.6 and 1.7 and pars 1.12.

Driven by a shared passion to alleviate these concerns, the former Executive Dean of the Faculty of Law at Nelson Mandela University, Professor Avinash Govindjee, and attorneys firm Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr (CDH) brainstormed potential solutions in early 2019 and resolved to drive the launch of a digital practice management system at the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic. 46

46 The initial consultation took place on 2 April 2019 via Skype.

3.4 Conceptualising and implementing HiveLaw at the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic

LawLabz's first project was to drive the development of a digital practice management system for the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic tailor made to fit the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic's daily needs and requirements, but always with a view to extending the initiative to other law clinics. The project followed a typical software development approach and typical project management disciplines, as set out in Figure 1. Without touching on each element of the process, key experiences and learnings are highlighted below.

Figure 1

A critical step was to determine the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic's needs and requirements. 48

48 Step 3 in Figure 1.

Nelson Mandela Law Clinic, as well as what benefits it could offer not only for legal education, but also in respect of promoting access to justice.

The main development of HiveLaw continued from 2019 to 2021. At the end of 2021 a partial pilot was launched at the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic and a LawLabz support team attended the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic's office to train staff.

It was initially foreseen that students might be onboarded as early as 2022, but it became apparent that time constraints, the ongoing disruption to legal education because of (amongst others) the COVID pandemic, and the need to first secure sufficient experience with the system on the part of the staff at the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic required a delay in student onboarding. HiveLaw adoption rates as tracked in 2022 proved slow at first, and several initiatives were launched, aimed at addressing the underlying causes. The primary reasons identified for the slow initial adoption rates were –

(a) law clinics, by their nature, have a high turnover of staff 49

49 See South African University Law Clinics Association 2023 https://www.saulca.co.za/file/5f044d3bbf8c7/part-11the-main-challenges-faced-by-clinics-during-2016.pdf with regard to staff turnover. The statistics for 2016 indicate that at least two clinics clearly indicated that staff turnover and staff retention are major problems at law clinics.

(b) the structure of the project team did not initially include sufficient participation from Nelson Mandela University IT staff, which created room for process inefficiencies;

(c) HiveLaw had to undergo robust testing to identify development errors and improvement opportunities, as well as to test its ability to seamlessly integrate with University IT systems. This required time and energy commitments from an already busy team at the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic. Additional capacity had to be created to take up the slack; and

(d) introducing new processes and new technologies to any workplace presents challenges, especially when the technology is bespoke, and its introduction includes both testing and change management components. These challenges are not unique to the circumstances and will therefore not be elaborated on too much. However, it is important to note that change is difficult, irrespective of whatever admirable reasons might be available to bring about the change, and

that attention must be given to the human element in introducing the change. The HiveLaw project was no exception.

The following initiatives were launched to address these difficulties –

(a) the starting point was for the leadership of the various role players to reflect again on what the project was seeking to achieve and the reason(s) for such achievement, as well as to critically evaluate where support needed to be bolstered to meet the challenges identified. The result was a refreshed commitment to the importance of the overall project and an open discussion on how to address the challenges in the context of what was achievable;

(b) to address the need for readily available experienced users, "super-users" were identified from amongst the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic staff and trained to form a core group of skilled users able to assist other staff and students with general HiveLaw user queries. Funding is always an issue, but with a clear vision of what was needed to achieve testing and deployment success, funding was secured. Currently there are two super users at the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic. In addition to answering user queries, the super users are tasked (and were specifically trained) to train new users;

(c) in May 2023 an intensive testing and training week was launched with a larger team attending at the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic's office to train each staff member in detail on all aspects of HiveLaw. Additional online training has been offered since then as necessary, but increasingly the super users have become a primary support for other users;

(d) interactions with the Nelson Mandela University's Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Department increased to ensure the root causes of problems were appropriately identified and then addressed by the right expert support team – the ICT department for device- or network-related issues and the HiveLaw team for HiveLaw-related issues;

(e) leading up to the intensive training week, weekly online meetings between LawLabz, a selection of the staff from the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic and members of the ICT department were introduced. These meetings commenced shortly before the intensive training week and continued consistently until after the resolution of all implementation matters. The agendas of these joint meetings covered any issues experienced with HiveLaw, reports on the usage of HiveLaw's various modules, and advice on data migration. The meetings inter alia highlighted additional training needs and helped

refine the ongoing support model between LawLabz and the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic; and

(f) specific focus was given to data migration challenges – migrating the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic's paper-based files to HiveLaw. The LawLabz team advised the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic on best practice in this regard, assisted with building some shortcuts on HiveLaw to aid the capturing process, and assisted the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic with funding a data capturer who could assist with onboarding all the client files of the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic.

In this way a very productive symbiotic relationship developed between the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic and LawLabz to ensure a fluid operation of HiveLaw. The project is now moving to its next phase – ongoing maintenance and support - and the Nelson Mandela Law Clinic and HiveLaw will consider the onboarding of the full complement of students registered for CLE shortly. The first cohort of students will be onboarded onto the HiveLaw system during about June or July 2024. From there, the onboarding of new students will be done at the beginning of 2025, while 2024 students will be offboarded at the end of 2024.

4 Operation and functionality of HiveLaw

HiveLaw is built in a SharePoint environment and brings technology and practice management in law clinics up to date when compared with systems and processes used in a modern legal practice. In practice its purpose is for employees of law clinics and their students to be able to use the same type of technology they would encounter in a modern legal practice. It also seeks to ensure that law clinics are best positioned to deliver excellent legal services to their clients. HiveLaw's material technical capabilities include:

These functionalities form the core of the technologies in use at most law firms and represent best in class options. Some aspects were introduced to offer practice management functionality (e.g., the electronic capture of client information with instant and seamless matter opening and the automatic creation of instruction confirmations), whilst others primarily seek to improve work quality and efficiency and/or risk mitigation (e.g., automated work templates and the easy capture of communications in the matter folder structure). Some functionalities were included primarily for the purpose of training law students.

5 Impact of the HiveLaw system on legal education and access to justice

5.1 General

The institution of the university is first and foremost an entity where education takes place. 52

52 Welgemoed 2016 Litnet Akademies 756.

5.2 Impact on legal education

The HiveLaw system incorporates AI designed to creatively advance the daily administration at a ULC. It further incorporates template generating capabilities that can significantly accelerate the drafting of legal letters, processes and pleadings in an accurate manner. When graduates enter legal practice it will be expected of them to get acquainted with and experienced in the daily administration in a law firm. Daily administration includes the onboarding of new clients, keeping abreast of developments relating to existing clients, monitoring messages and fees on client files, monitoring statistics relating to various clients and types of cases, filing documents and messages in client files, and closing client files, to mention but a few examples. As the HiveLaw system brings about new and modern ways to accommodate all these functions, students can learn a lot about the future of legal practice while working with the system. This is especially conducive to transformative legal education, as the students employ technology in their learning, a manner of learning that steers away from the traditional Socratic teaching methodology. 55

55 Welgemoed Integration of Clinical Legal Education 145, 148, 154 and 411. In short, the Socratic teaching methodology entails students sitting in a classroom while listening to a teacher. There is very little participation from the side of the students, while the teacher basically conveys all information to the students via a conventional lecturing style. Furthermore, the Socratic teaching methodology entails very little to no skills training and/or experiential learning. See Regassa 2009 Ethiopian Journal of Legal Education 56, as well as Welgemoed Integration of Clinical Legal Education 179-182 for a more elaborate discussion on the Socratic teaching methodology.

The adoption of technology might be at an advanced stage for some law firms, but that is not true in every instance. Smaller firms especially might themselves still lag. In such instances students can use their knowledge in legal practice to promote the adoption of online and electronic systems in

law firms that have been reluctant to implement such systems in their daily activities. 58

58 Welgemoed Integration of Clinical Legal Education 57, 426 and 486.

The benefits of being acquainted at the time of seeking entry into the profession with the technologies that are used in the typical large law firm can also not be underestimated. Both at individual student level and at the level of a university’s reputation for delivering students who are ready for practice, access to training that specifically targets practice readiness offers the prospect of differentiating participating students in a very competitive marketplace. It further contributes to the Faculty of Law's responsibility to ensure that its qualification meets the key characteristics set out in the Council for Higher Education's (hereafter referred to as "CHE") qualification standard for the Bachelor of Laws. Providing students with an opportunity to improve their employability is one of the ultimate outcomes that might be achieved. Moreover, students who are already acquainted with some of the practical demands of legal practice at a technologically advanced law firm (not least of which is the awareness of the importance in practice of effective document and matter management, the recording of time and the billing of fees) might feel significantly calmer and better prepared for what is a very turbulent, stressful transition into the working world.

Law clinicians should also provide students with sufficient feedback 60

60 Bodenstein Law Clinics and the Clinical Law Movement 236.

to plan their future efforts to continuously improve their work. 62

62 Stuckey et al Best Practices for Legal Education 66.

Legal practitioners might also gain a better perception of the possibilities that legal education at university level has to offer, as well as the value that transformative legal education can have on the development of legal practices and service delivery to clients. In this way CLE can facilitate the removal of any disconnect that might exist between academia and legal practice, if indeed such a disconnect does exist. Legal practitioners, utilising AI systems in their practices, might even devise ways in which a system like HiveLaw can be further improved to enhance student education. This may result in a situation where legal practitioners actively participate in the furtherance of legal education relating to online systems to such an extent that, when students enter the working world, they know exactly what legal practitioners expect of them when working with online systems. It is submitted, however, that this state of events will take some time to develop, especially considering how slow the legal profession is to adapt to change, especially to technological advances. Although such changes are slow, they are happening. 63

63 Barnhizer 1979 J Leg Ed 68. Also see Bullows 2021 The Law Teacher 258 in this regard The more traditional type of law firm is no longer a viable option due to the increasing role of technology.

5.3 Impact on access to justice

As was previously stated, ULCs should focus on legal education. 64

64 See section 4.1.

Firstly, it has happened in legal practice – and that also goes for ULCs – that client files and/or documents in such files have been lost and/or misplaced. In such instances it is usually a challenge to retrieve the file content. It might appear as unprofessional to call a client and request copies of identity documents, marriage certificates, copies of contracts, etc, for inclusion in a new version of the client file. With the HiveLaw system firmly in place, all the documents mentioned will be uploaded to the system's

cloud-based database during the client onboarding and/or consultation stages. This means that once the documentation has been uploaded it cannot be lost. 65

65 This statement requires qualification. Documentation, uploaded to HiveLaw's cloud-based database, can be deleted. However, it should not be deleted without a good reason. Whatever the case may be, in general, any documentation that has been uploaded is regarded as securely filed and available at any time.

Secondly, client information and the contents of client files are more secure than might be the case with paper-based files and documentation. In a conventional ULC set up, client files are paper-based and stored in filing cabinets. Any staff member and student can access the files in such filing cabinets when working at the ULC. However, with the HiveLaw system not all staff members and students will have access to all files. They will have access only to files to which they specifically have been granted access. This means that client confidentiality is preserved and improved. Clients can therefore have their matters attended to by the staff and students at the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic with the utmost confidence that their information will be secure and out of sight from anyone other than their legal representatives and/or student consultants. This aspect plays an important role in the integrity of the HiveLaw system, as well as the impact it has on the perspective that clients may have of the quality of the legal services that they get from the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic. As such, the reputational benefit of the HiveLaw system to the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic is of immense value, because it will be evident that the ULC can provide access to justice to members of the community in a professional and accurate manner at a swift yet efficient pace.

Thirdly the HiveLaw system offers document-generating capabilities. Staff and students at the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic can use these capabilities to draft letters of demand, summonses and particulars of claim, pleas, counterclaims, affidavits, etc, with much more certainty and accuracy. This might reduce the time that students (especially) and inexperienced candidate attorneys might spend on researching the drafting of documents. It might further reduce the time that Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic staff and students take to draft legal documents. The result will be that letters and legal documents are drafted at a quicker pace with concomitant faster service and/or delivery of such documents to the applicable recipients thereof. In this way, more work done can be done in a shorter time by the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic. It might also lead to improved client satisfaction due to their being provided with professional, accurate and expedient legal services.

Fourthly, the use of a system like HiveLaw would contribute to the achievement of justice for the most marginalised in society. The records contained in HiveLaw provide evidence that can be used by South Africa to show its progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 16(3).

5.4 Potential future expansion

Section 29 of the Legal Practice Act 28 of 2024 (LPA) provides that compulsory community service must be performed by all legal practitioners and candidate legal practitioners. However, the obligation to perform community service has not commenced yet. It was envisaged that it would commence on 1 January 2024, but this date has also been postponed, and no new commencement date has been published at the time of writing this paper. 66

66 Regulation 4B(1)(a)(ii) of GN R3778 in GG 49104 of 11 August 2023.

Where legal practitioners have experience in the operation of software systems akin to the HiveLaw system, they could share their experience and transfer their skills to undergraduate law students. Practitioners can create short educational videos that can be posted on the HiveLaw SharePoint for students. If the provision of supervision to undergraduate law students were to be included in community service, this would be an incentive for legal

practitioners to become involved in legal education. Simultaneously, transformative legal education would take place because of the use of a digital system for learning and teaching. 69

69 See section 5.2 above.

5.5 Concluding remarks

The combined impact of the HiveLaw system on legal education and access to justice is immense and transformative in nature. Not only does the system educate students about legal practice as driven by the 4IR, but it also paves the way for indigent members of society to experience quick, efficient and professional legal assistance. This does not mean that the conventional ways in which the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic and other ULCs operate are defective in any manner. It means, however, that the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic is taking a decisive and imaginative stance designed to improve practical legal education by aligning it with the demands of the 4IR. In this way, CLE improves upon its own teaching components to ensure maximum skills transfer to law students, as well as professional and swift service to clients of ULCs.

6 Conclusion

As legal practice develops, so must legal education. The ability to train law students for legal practice requires an awareness of what role technology currently plays in legal practice, and how that will further develop over time. An initiative such as this offers the opportunity for adopting a multi-disciplinary approach to applying, studying and teaching technology.

The inception of the HiveLaw system and the implementation thereof at the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic are concrete proof of the desire of the Faculty of Law at Nelson Mandela University to revisit and improve the quality and methodology of its learning and teaching approaches. Furthermore, the system clearly shows that academia and the legal profession can – and should – collaborate to ensure that the best possible training and cutting-edge knowledge are provided to law students. It is submitted that the mere existence of the HiveLaw system finally puts to bed the long and winding debate about universities being there only to convey knowledge and not to teach practice or to prepare students for the working

world. 71

71 In this regard see inter alia Geraghty 2012 Notre Dame L Rev 693; Holness 2013 PELJ 333; Kruse 2013 McGeorge L Rev 16; McQuoid-Mason 2003 Journal for Juridical Science 200, and Welgemoed Integration of Clinical Legal Education 12-14.

Based on the discussion in this paper, clear answers can be formulated to the questions of the World Economic Forum, which questions were posed at the beginning of this paper 74

74 See section 1.

Lastly, and specifically referring to access to justice, it should be noted that the Preamble of the LPA 76

76 Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014.

services to indigent members of the community. As the HiveLaw system can facilitate the workflow and accuracy of documents and daily administration at the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic, especially when used by students, it provides for accessible legal services to more indigent members of the community every day. This may be achieved by more work being done in a shorter period, resulting in an increase in professional legal services over a given period. Should the HiveLaw system be outsourced to other ULCs, as well as eventually to legal practice in general, it goes without saying that legal services may be delivered at a more efficient pace to the public, while remaining professional and ethical in nature. The HiveLaw system therefore has the potential to align not only the Nelson Mandela University Law Clinic but also other ULCs as well as legal practice in general with the ever-growing demands of the 4IR and contribute to the achievement of South Africa's international obligation towards achieving UN SDG 16.3 (access to justice).

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GN 313 in GG 43096 of 15 March 2020

GN R3778 in GG 49104 of 11 August 2023

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List of Abbreviations