Abstract

Keywords

Marketing; consumer credit; compulsory information; prohibited advertising; prohibited marketing techniques; civil remedies; administrative sanctions.

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1 Introduction

According to Makin, Mawrey and Walton1 "[e]xperience has shown that in the field of consumer credit the prospective debtor2 is peculiarly vulnerable to over-commitment of his resources…". A lack of adequate information enabling the prospective debtor to make an informed choice, to compare different credit forms and to shop around for cheaper credit, reliance on misleading, incorrect or insufficient information affecting the debtor's ability to make informed decisions, and the exerting of pressure on the debtor to utilise credit are mentioned as contributory factors, which should therefore be avoided.3 In regard to the inherent dangers posed by credit advertising in particular, it has been remarked4 that "[t]he stringent restrictions on advertising … were designed to prevent intending borrowers from being gulled into burdensome loan contracts by attractive advertisements offering easy terms".5 The proper regulation of credit marketing is further necessitated by the extensive use of marketing – often by means of distance communication, such as the internet and e-mail – to advance the sale of consumer and mortgage credit to consumers, linked with the fact that credit marketing creates the risk of seducing consumers that are not creditworthy to apply for (further) credit.6 Other reasons for the need to regulate credit advertisements are ensuring that the real rate of interest for or the cost of the proposed credit is disclosed, preventing the consumer from forming a false picture in regard to the advertised credit agreement, ensuring that advertisements do not only attract but also inform, and that the bigger picture of the total cost of credit is indicated. It is therefore not unsurprising that responsible lending (and borrowing) measures that afford much-needed consumer protection in the sphere of consumer credit to prevent the extension of credit to consumers who cannot afford it include responsible marketing.7

In this article, which consists of two parts, we will focus on the marketing of consumer credit as a responsible lending (and borrowing) tool, with particular focus on the provisions that South African, European and Belgian legislators have enacted to protect the users of credit in this regard. South African law is addressed in Part 1, followed in Part 2 by a discussion of European and Belgian law, a comparative discussion, our evaluation, suggestions and final conclusions. As the information to be included in credit advertising and prohibited advertising and marketing techniques and practices will in particular be addressed, we use the term "marketing" as an overarching term to denote credit advertising, solicitations, sales methods, etc. The ultimate aim of this article is to compare the laws of the jurisdictions mentioned above and to determine whether South African law contains sufficient guarantees in order to protect credit consumers. However, the rules on comparative advertising do not fall within the ambit of this discussion.

2 South African law

The preamble to the National Credit Act 34 of 2005,8 the consumer credit enactment effective in South Africa, sets as goals relevant to credit marketing the provision of "improved standards of consumer information", the prohibition of "certain unfair credit and credit-marketing practices" and the regulation of credit information. In terms of section 3 of the Act its purposes are inter alia to9

promote a fair, transparent,…credit market and industry, and to protect consumers, [inter alia] by addressing and correcting imbalances in negotiating power between consumers and credit providers by providing consumers with adequate disclosure of standardised information in order to make informed choices; and providing consumers with protection from deception, and from unfair or fraudulent conduct by credit providers… .

In the light of its goals it is therefore not unexpected that the National Credit Act, in the words of Campbell10, "introduces a new dispensation in credit marketing by prohibiting certain marketing practices, regulating the marketing and sales of credit at home or work, and laying down various requirements for advertising practices". In addition, the content of and format for advertising practices are prescribed in the Regulations made in terms of the Act.11 However, the measures of two other pieces of legislation must also be considered, namely certain provisions relating to marketing in

the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 200812 (the South African enactment affording general consumer protection) and the provisions in respect of online marketing in the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002.13 Before discussing the aforesaid measures, attention will be paid to the concepts "advertising" and "consumer", the latter only within the context of the National Credit Act.14

2. 1 The concept "advertising"

Although the National Credit Act does not define the concept "advertising", "advertisement" is defined in section 1 as―

any written, illustrated, visual or other descriptive material, communication, representation or reference by means of which a person seeks to bring to the attention of all or part of the public the nature, properties, advantages or uses of, conditions on, or prices of –

(a) goods to be purchased, leased or otherwise acquired;

(b) any available service; or

(c) credit to be granted.

Although at first glance it appears unclear whether the definition of "advertisement" provides for audio and audio-visual advertisements, this seems to be the case, as reference is made to "visual or other descriptive material, communication, representation…". This argument is supported by the reference to "television" and "audio" advertisements in regulation 22(2) and (3) respectively.15

The CPA defines "advertisement" in even broader terms than the National Credit Act. In terms of section 1, "advertisement" means―

any direct or indirect visual or oral communication transmitted by any medium, or any representation or reference written, inscribed, recorded, encoded upon or embedded within any medium, by means of which a person seeks to-

2.2 The concept "consumer"

Section 1 of the National Credit Act17 defines "consumer" with reference to the type of credit agreement involved, for instance "as the party to whom credit is granted under a credit facility". Therefore the meaning of "consumer" for the purposes of the National Credit Act has to be determined in relation to the Act's field of application. In the latter respect it will suffice to say that, except for the few transactions specifically excluded from its ambit, the Act applies to all credit agreements18 whether small or large and irrespective of their form, the type of movable goods (or services) or the amount of money involved.19 It is important to note that the National Credit Act, including its marketing provisions, applies to mortgage agreements20 as well. The South African law consequently makes no distinction between mortgage and regular (consumer) credit or credit agreements. It must also be observed that the National Credit Act does not follow a purpose-of-credit approach and therefore applies to credit contracts irrespective of whether

the credit is granted for private or business purposes.21 The same holds for credit agreements concluded by the small group of "juristic person" consumers falling under the ambit of the Act.22 However, it is important to note that due to the limited application of the Act in respect of such juristic persons, the provisions in the Act dealing with credit marketing practices do not apply to them.23

2.3 The National Credit Act

Chapter 4 of the National Credit Act concerns "Consumer credit policy" and Part C thereof "Credit marketing practices". In what follows, the provisions of the NCA are discussed in accordance with the sequence that will be used in regard to the European and Belgian law24 and therefore not necessarily in numerical order.

2.3.1 Information to be included in advertising

Section 76 of the Act concerns advertising practices and has to be read with regulations 21 and 22 of the National Credit Regulations.25 When reading section 76, the definition of "advertisement"26 in terms of the Act has to be kept in mind.

Section 76 applies to the provider of credit that is being advertised, or the seller of any goods or services being advertised for purchase on credit.27

Advertisements of the availability of credit, or of goods or services to be purchased on credit, must comply with section 76.28 They must also contain the statements required by regulation.29 Section 76(5) renders it compulsory for a credit provider to state or set out the interest rate and other credit costs in the prescribed manner and form30 in an advertisement concerning the granting of credit.

Part C of Chapter 3 of the National Credit Regulations regulates credit marketing practices, in conjunction with section 76. More particularly, regulations 21 and 22 respectively concern the required content of and format for advertising practices.

If an advertisement refers only to the fact that credit is available and does not refer to the costs, interest rate or monthly instalment, it is not required to make any further disclosures regarding the cost of the credit, the interest rate or the monthly repayment.31 Should an advertisement disclose only the interest rate or the maximum and minimum rates, where a range is applicable, and no reference is made to the other costs of credit, no further information has to be disclosed. However, it has to be indicated that an initiation fee and service fee will be charged, if applicable.32

In terms of regulation 21(3), where an advertisement33 discloses a monthly instalment or any other cost of credit, the following must also be disclosed: the instalment amount; the number of instalments; the total amount of all instalments, including interest, fees and compulsory insurance; the interest rate; and the residual or final amount payable (if any).34

The above information must also be included in an advertisement for specific goods to be purchased on credit, services to be rendered on credit

or a specific amount of credit obtainable, if reference is made to repayment amounts or the cost of credit.35

In terms of regulation 21(7), if a qualitative statement36 such as "cheap credit", "affordable credit" or "low-cost credit" is made in respect of the cost of credit, the regulation 21(2) or (3) information, above, must be disclosed on the cost of credit. Whether sub-regulation (2) or sub-regulation (3) information must be disclosed depends of course on the content of the advertisement or solicitation37 containing the qualitative statement or statements.38

Section 77, entitled "Required marketing information", concerns solicitations, and provides that any solicitation by or on behalf of a credit provider with the aim of inducing a person to apply for or obtain credit must include a statement with the prescribed information for the particular type of solicitation.39

The required format for advertising practices40 ensures that important information regarding the cost of credit is not obscured in advertisements, inter alia by the use of small print. Regulation 22(1), for instance, determines that the information required to be disclosed in terms of regulation 21(2) and (3)41 must not be of a smaller font size than the average font size used in the advertisement, and that such information should be displayed together. Television and audio advertisements have to provide equal prominence to all the information that has to be disclosed in terms of regulation 21(2) and (3),42 equivalent to the prominence given to all other elements of such an advertisement.43

2.3.2 Prohibited advertising

As stated above,44 section 76 applies to advertisements of the availability of credit or of goods or services to be purchased on credit. However, section 76(3) prohibits such advertisements by a person who is required to be registered as a credit provider, but who is not so registered.45 In addition, such advertisements must not advertise a form of credit that is unlawful; be misleading, fraudulent or deceptive; or contain any statement prohibited by regulation.46 In this respect regulation 21(6) is of importance. This regulation prohibits the following statements or phrases, or wording that has substantially the same meaning, from forming part of any advertisement or direct solicitation for credit: "no credit checks required"; "blacklisted consumers welcome"; or "free credit".47

Regulation 21(8) provides that a direct solicitation may not contain the expressions "loan guaranteed", "pre-approved" or similar statements. The only exception is "when the credit granted is not subject to any credit assessment after acceptance by the consumer".48

2.3.3 Prohibited marketing techniques

The objective of section 75 of the Act is to afford protection to a person with regard to the marketing and sales of credit at the person's private dwelling49 or place of work. Section 75(1) contains a general prohibition against the harassment of a person by a credit provider in an attempt to persuade that person to apply for credit or to enter into a credit agreement or a related transaction.50 Although not specified in terms of section 75(1), it is submitted that this prohibition is aimed at the harassment of persons at work or at

home, as the remainder of section 75 pertains to marketing and sales of credit at home or at work.51

Section 75(2),52 on the one hand, concerns the marketing and sales of credit at home and provides that a credit provider must not enter into a credit agreement at a private dwelling unless one of the following circumstances prevails: the credit agreement was entered into during a visit that was pre-arranged by the consumer for that purpose;53 a credit provider visited the private dwelling for the purpose of offering goods or services for sale and incidentally offered to provide or arrange credit to finance the purchase of those goods or services;54 or the credit agreement is of a prescribed category that is permitted to be entered into during a visit to a private dwelling.55

Section 75(3), on the other hand, aims to regulate the marketing and sales of credit at the workplace. The National Credit Act prohibits a credit provider from visiting a person's place of employment for the purpose of inducing the person to apply for or to obtain credit. Entering into a credit agreement with a person at such a place is also prohibited.56 However, the aforementioned prohibitions do not apply where the credit provider enters into a credit agreement with the employer.57 The same holds true where the visit to the person's place of employment results from a formal arrangement between the credit provider, on the one hand, and the employer and any representative trade union or employee, on the other.58 A visit to a person's

place of employment is also allowed if it results from a non-prompted invitation by the person being visited.59

Section 75(2) and (3) above is clearly aimed at giving effect to government's intention to prevent coercive sales techniques, to curb door-to-door sales and to prohibit the "unsolicited solicitation and harassment of consumers by commission-driven agents".60 It is therefore understandable that a visit to a person's private dwelling or workplace for the purposes for instance of entering into a credit agreement is allowed if the initiative for the visit emanates from that person, or from his employer in co-operation with his representative trade union. However, we submit that making allowance for a credit provider to visit a private dwelling to offer goods or services for sale, and then to incidentally offer to provide or arrange credit to finance the purchase, is open to misuse by credit providers.61

Section 74 of the National Credit Act introduced the concepts "negative option marketing" and "opting out" into South African consumer credit legislation. Three forms of negative option marketing are distinguished, and the legislature also sets out the consequences of each. Negative option marketing, which is now a prohibited marketing practice, was used by credit providers to extend credit to consumers who had never even requested or applied for such credit.62 The prohibition on negative option marketing does not apply where in terms of the credit agreement the consumer is a juristic person.63

First, a credit provider is prohibited from marketing or advertising credit by making an offer to enter into a credit agreement or by inducing a person to enter into a credit agreement on the basis that the agreement will automatically come into existence unless the consumer declines the offer.64 The ratio behind the prohibition of this form of negative option marketing is self-explanatory. The onus is placed on the consumer to act65 in order to avoid the contract from coming into being. A contract will not ensue according to the general common law principles of the law of contract should the offeree merely ignore an offer.66 An agreement purportedly entered into

as a result of this form of negative option marketing is unlawful and void to the extent provided for in section 89.67

Section 74(2) of the Act, for the same reasons as those mentioned above, provides that a credit provider must not make an offer to increase the credit limit under a credit facility68 or induce a person to accept such an increase on the basis that the limit will be increased automatically unless the consumer declines the offer.69 This prohibition on negative option marketing is subject to the provisions of section 119(4),70 providing for the unilateral increase of a credit limit under a credit facility.71 It is submitted that, if a credit provider should for instance make an offer to a person as contemplated in section 74(2) above, the credit provider will also contravene the provisions of section 119. Apart from unilateral increases, the only other way in which the credit provider may take the initiative to increase the credit limit under a credit facility is to make a written proposal to the consumer to that effect. However, in such a case the consumer's written consent is required for the increase to occur.72 A provision of a credit agreement purportedly entered into as a result of an offer or proposal contemplated in section 74(2) is unlawful and void as from the date that the provision purported to take effect.73

The Act also compels credit providers, when entering into a credit agreement, to present to the consumer a statement with prescribed options. The consumer must then be afforded the opportunity to select any of the options,74 which are to decline the option of pre-approved annual credit limit increases in the event of a credit facility, as provided for by section 119(4);75 or to be excluded from any telemarketing campaigns conducted on behalf of the credit provider, marketing or customer list that may be sold or

distributed by the credit provider or from any mass distribution of electronic mails or short message service76 messages.77

When a consumer declines an option or chooses to be excluded from an option, he "opts out" of the option, hence the term "opting out". Credit providers must keep a register of all the options selected by their different customers78 and must not act in a manner contrary to an option selected by a consumer in terms of section 74(6).79 The opting out requirements, like negative option marketing, are not applicable to juristic person consumers.80

2.4 The Consumer Protection Act

The field of application of the CPA can be summarised as follows:81

In essence, the Consumer Protection Act applies to every transaction occurring within South Africa for the supply of goods or services or the promotion of goods or services and the goods or services themselves, unless the transaction has been exempted from the application of the Act.82

One of the exemptions is that the CPA does not apply to any transaction that constitutes a credit agreement under the National Credit Act. However, it is applicable to the goods or services that are the subject of the credit agreement83 and consequently the CPA's marketing provisions in respect of such goods or services could be relevant for the purposes of this article, provided of course that they are sold or rendered on a credit basis.84 Where there are two agreements, the one relating to the credit or financing aspect of the sales transaction, for instance, and the other to the goods that are sold, the NCA will apply to the finance agreement and the CPA will apply to the goods (or services, if applicable).85 The situation is therefore that both

the NCA and the CPA apply to the marketing of consumer credit.86 Section 2 of the CPA concerns the interpretation of the Act and section 2(8) and (9) provides the rules concerning conflicting legislation. In terms of section 2(9), which is important for our purposes, where there is an inconsistency between any CPA provision and the provisions of any other Act, such as the NCA, the provisions of both Acts must apply concurrently, to the extent that this is possible.87 However, if it is not possible, the provision that extends the greater protection to a consumer prevails over the alternative provision.88 The same rules hold in respect to the application of the marketing provisions in the CPA and the NCA.89 However, Melville and Palmer are of the opinion that section 2(9) is of little help in deciding whether or not the CPA's provisions on promotion apply to NCA transactions, "because the former are complementary to the latter and not inconsistent with them".90 In what follows, the CPA's (credit) marketing provisions that are not excluded as a result of the section 5(2)(d) exemption will be addressed briefly.91

Sections 11 and 12 of the CPA concern the consumer's right to privacy, one of nine fundamental consumer rights recognised in the CPA.92 Section 11 affords the right to a consumer to restrict unwanted direct marketing, the latter concept meaning

to approach a person, either in person or by mail or electronic communication,93 for the direct or indirect purpose of-

A person's right to privacy includes the right to refuse to accept direct marketing.94 It further includes the right to require another person to discontinue with direct marketing or to pre-emptively block direct marketing.95 In order to enable consumers to efficiently protect themselves against the aforementioned activities, a person who has been approached for the purpose of direct marketing may demand within a reasonable time after that communication that the person initiating the communication desists from initiating any further communication.96 It is submitted that the CPA's direct marketing provisions and the NCA's opting out provisions97 have a similar goal, are not inconsistent with each other, and consequently have to be read together.98

Section 12 regulates the time for contacting consumers for direct marketing purposes. If a consumer has not expressly or implicitly requested or agreed otherwise, suppliers may not engage in direct marketing directed at a consumer at the latter's home for promotional purposes during times prescribed by the Minister in the regulations to the CPA. Such prescribed times may involve specific days, dates, public holidays or times of day.99 The NCA does not contain measures similar to section 12. The inconsistency provisions in section 2 of the CPA consequently do not apply and section 12, which does not relate to credit agreements per se, should therefore be applicable to credit marketing.100

The right to fair and responsible marketing is another fundamental consumer right in the CPA.101 Although this right, which has a wide ambit,102

may apply to the marketing of credit products or to the goods or services that form the subject of a credit agreement,103 only those measures which are in accordance with or an elaboration of the marketing provisions that have already been discussed in this article will be addressed.

The essence of section 29104 is to prohibit producers, importers, distributors, retailers and service providers from marketing any goods or services in a misleading, fraudulent or deceptive manner.105 The latter includes the manner in or conditions on which those goods or services may be supplied and the price at which the goods may be supplied. It also includes the existence of or relationship of the price to any previous price for comparable or similar goods or services.106 Also, the participants in the supply chain mentioned above must also refrain from marketing any goods or services in a manner having a reasonable likelihood of implying a false or misleading representation – as contemplated in section 41 – concerning those goods or services.107 Section 41, in turn, dealing with "[f]alse, misleading or deceptive representations" in relation to the marketing of any goods or services, prohibits a direct, indirect, express or implied false, misleading or deceptive representation concerning a material fact to a consumer,108 the use of an exaggeration, innuendo or ambiguity as to a material fact, or the failure to disclose a material fact if that failure amounts to a deception,109 or a failure to correct an apparent misapprehension on the part of the consumer, amounting to a false, misleading or deceptive representation.110 Although exaggerations in marketing or advertisements per se are not restricted or prohibited, an exaggeration as to a material fact, for instance "Lowest interest rate in the world", is prohibited.111 A person acting on behalf of the supplier or other person or institution in the supply chain must not engage in any conduct that the former is prohibited from engaging in under section 41(1).112

Due to the fact that the NCA provides for so-called "negative option marketing",113 it is submitted that the negative option marketing provisions in section 31 of the CPA do not apply to credit marketing. Section 32

concerns direct marketing to consumers. Section 32(1), aiming to ensure that the consumer is made aware of his/her right to rescind the transaction or agreement entered into as a result of the direct marketing, is not relevant to this article. The same holds for section 32(2), which provides that if a person who has directly marketed any goods to a consumer has left any goods with the consumer without requiring or arranging payment for them, those goods are unsolicited goods, to which section 21 applies. Section 32(2) is clearly not relevant in the case of goods bought in terms of a credit agreement.

For completeness sake it must be mentioned that the CPA, under the fundamental consumer right of equality in the consumer market, affords focussed protection to consumers in respect of discriminatory marketing.114 This is in contrast to the NCA which, although it contains anti-discrimination measures,115 does not afford protection in respect of discriminatory marketing in particular.

2.5 The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act

When dealing with online consumer transactions, the provisions of the ECT Act, in particular Chapter VII, which provides "a measure of protection to online consumers", must be considered.116 But first the ECT Act117 defines a consumer as "any natural person who enters or intends entering into an electronic transaction with a supplier as the end user of the goods or services offered by that supplier".118 The term "consumer" in terms of the ECT Act accordingly has a restricted meaning and includes natural persons acting as end-users of the goods or services only.119 Section 42(1) restricts the application of Chapter VII only to electronic transactions, which concept is not defined in the Act.

Section 43 of the ECT Act applies to a supplier offering goods or services for sale, for hire or for exchange by way of an electronic transaction and requires certain information to be placed on a web-trader's website where

such goods or services are offered with the aim inter alia of informing the consumer about the nature of the goods or services and the agreement. Such information must inter alia include the fact that the web-trader is a member of or subscribes to a "self-regulatory, accreditation or professional body";120 any code of conduct to which that supplier subscribes121 and how that code of conduct may be accessed electronically by the consumer; an adequate description of the main characteristics of the goods or services;122 the full price of the goods or services and any other costs; and the manner of payment.123 The consumer has the right in terms of section 43(3) of the ECT Act to cancel the agreement within 14 days in the case of the web-trader's failure to supply the section 43 information.124 Where a person sends unsolicited commercial communications to consumers, that person must provide the consumer with the option to cancel his/her subscription to

the mailing list of that person.125 The consumer must also on his/her request be provided with the identifying particulars of the source from which that person obtained the consumer's personal information.126 Non-compliance with the provisions of section 45(1) constitutes an offence.127 It is also an offence to send unsolicited commercial communications to a person who has advised the sender that such communications are unwelcome.128 Where a consumer has failed to respond to an unsolicited communication no agreement is concluded.129

2.6 The sanctions for non-compliance with the marketing provisions

The sanctions for non-compliance with the marketing provisions in terms of the National Credit Act and the Consumer Protection Act discussed above will be briefly considered. The effectiveness of the marketing provisions in these enactments, as is the case with any other legislative provisions, depends on their effective enforcement. The latter, in turn, naturally depends on the prescribed sanctions for non-compliance, among other things.

It was seen above130 that particular sanctions have been provided in respect to the negative option marketing provisions in the NCA. However, except for those, the NCA provides no sanctions for contravening any of its other marketing provisions.131 The same holds for a contravention of the prescripts in the National Credit Regulations.

Should the credit provider, therefore, contravene the marketing provisions of the Act or the National Credit Regulations, only one or two options are available to the aggrieved consumer. First, the consumer may attempt to resolve a dispute with the credit provider via a process of alternative dispute resolution.132 If the attempt to resolve the dispute with the credit provider is

unsuccessful, the consumer may file an application to the National Consumer Tribunal,133 which must then conduct a hearing into the matter.134

Secondly, the consumer may also submit a complaint to the National Credit Regulator in terms of section 136, which entitles any person to submit such a complaint concerning an alleged contravention of the Act.135 The Regulator, after investigating the matter,136 may make use of section 55 of the Act and issue a compliance notice to the credit provider,137 inter alia setting out the steps that must be taken by the latter.138 If the credit provider fails to comply with the compliance notice, the Regulator may refer the matter to the Tribunal for an appropriate order.139 In terms of section 150(a) and (c) respectively, the Tribunal may inter alia declare conduct to be prohibited140 in terms of the Act and impose a stiff administrative fine on the credit provider.141 The Tribunal may in addition to the specific orders make "any other appropriate order required to give effect to a right, as contemplated in [the] Act" and consequently has "fairly expansive and far-reaching powers".142 Finally, it should be noted that the National Credit Act, in contrast with its predecessors, contains no general penalty clause.

The enforcement provisions in the CPA143 are more or less similar to those in terms of the National Credit Act. In the case of the CPA the National Consumer Commission may issue a compliance notice to a person144 who the Commission on reasonable grounds believes has engaged in prohibited conduct in terms of the CPA.145 If such a person then fails to comply with the notice, the Commission may refer the matter to the Tribunal to impose

an administrative fine146 or to the National Prosecuting Authority for the prosecution of an offence.147 Finally,

[t]o enforce any right in terms of the Act, or to resolve any dispute with a supplier, a consumer may refer the matter directly to the National Consumer Tribunal if the Act permits it, or refer the matter to the relevant ombud, apply to a court, refer the matter to an alternative dispute resolution agent, file a complaint with the Commission, or approach a court with jurisdiction if all other remedies available in terms of legislation have been exhausted.148

2.7 Concluding observations in respect of the South African law

As far as the protection afforded to South African consumers as the users of credit in respect of credit marketing and its inherent dangers are concerned, the provisions of the National Credit Act, the Consumer Protection Act and the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act have to be read and applied together. The latter fact, the wide fields of application of the NCA and the CPA, their broad definitions of the concept "advertisement" and the particular and focussed attention paid to credit marketing in the objectives and provisions of the NCA, the lex specialis with respect to credit law in South Africa, are endorsed. More comprehensive protection of more consumers in respect of credit marketing is thus achieved. For similar reasons, the attempts at self-regulation by the advertising industry in South Africa have to be welcomed.

However, as far as the National Credit Act is concerned, we submit that the doorstep selling provisions in the National Credit Act149 should receive further attention with regard to three aspects. First, section 75(2) prohibits the entering into of a credit agreement at a private dwelling, unless the credit agreement was inter alia entered into during a visit that was pre-arranged by the consumer for that purpose. Section 75(2), in contrast with section 73(3), which prohibits a visit to a person's place of employment for the purpose of inducing the person to apply for or obtain credit, or enter into a credit agreement at such a place, does not provide that the pre-arrangement must not have been prompted by or on behalf of the credit provider. The Act should be rectified in this respect.

Secondly, section 75(2) prohibits only the entering of a credit agreement at a private dwelling, while section 75(3) prohibits a visit to a person's place of employment for the purpose of inducing the person to apply for or obtain credit, or enter into a credit agreement at such a place. The Act should be

amended in order for the section 75(2) prohibition also to include inducements to apply for or obtain credit.

Thirdly, it was pointed out that the section 75(2)(b) exception – in terms of which a credit provider is allowed to enter into a credit agreement at the consumer's private dwelling where the former only incidentally offered to provide or arrange credit – is susceptible to misuse and therefore to criticism. We submit that this sub-section should be deleted from the Act. A credit provider should therefore be entitled to visit a consumer's private residence to market or sell credit only where the visit was pre-arranged by the consumer for that purpose.

Finally, as far as the South African law and in particular the National Credit Act is concerned, it should be noted that, with the exception of negative option marketing, no particular sanctions are prescribed for contravening the advertising prescriptions of the NCA and its regulations.

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Van Heerden CM and Renke S "Perspectives on Selected Aspects Regarding the Registration of Credit Providers in terms of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 Part 2" 2015 THRHR 80-103

Van Heerden and Steennot Part 1 2018 PELJ

Van Heerden CM and Steennot R "Pre-agreement Assessment as a Responsible Lending Tool in South Africa, the EU and Belgium Part 1" 2018 PELJ 1-30

Van Zyl "Scope of Application of the National Credit Act"

Van Zyl E "The Scope of Application of the National Credit Act" in Scholtz JW (ed) Guide to the National Credit Act (LexisNexis Durban 2008 et seq) ch 4

Van Zyl "Registration and the Consequences of Non-registration"

Van Zyl E "Registration and the Consequences of Non-registration" in Scholtz JW (ed) Guide to the National Credit Act (LexisNexis Durban 2008 et seq) ch 5

Van Zyl "Effects of Non-compliance"

Van Zyl E "The Effects of Non-compliance" in Scholtz JW (ed) Guide to the National Credit Act (LexisNexis Durban 2008 et seq) ch 17

Van Zyl "Fundamental Consumer Rights Part E"

Van Zyl E "Fundamental Consumer Rights Part E – Right to Fair and Responsible Marketing" in Naudé T and Eiselen S (managing eds) Commentary on the Consumer Protection Act (Juta Claremont 2014 et seq) ch 2 part E

Van Zyl and De Stadler "Fundamental Consumer Rights Part B"

Van Zyl E and De Stadler E "Fundamental Consumer Rights Part B – Consumer's Right to Privacy" in Naudé T and Eiselen S (managing eds) Commentary on the Consumer Protection Act (Juta Claremont 2014 et seq) ch 2 part B

Legislation

South Africa

Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008

Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002

Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act 37 of 2002

Financial Sector Regulation Act 9 of 2017

National Credit Act 34 of 2005

United Kingdom

Moneylenders Act of 1927

Government publications

GN R489 in GG 28864 of 31 May 2006

GN 713 in GG 28893 of 1 June 2006

Internet sources

ARB 2019 http://arb.org.za/assets/appendix-c.pdf

Advertising Regulatory Board 2019 Code of Advertising Practice: Appendix C - Direct Marketing Advertising – DMASA http://arb.org.za/assets/appendix-c.pdf accessed 12 March 2019

ARB 2019 http://arb.org.za/assets/section-i.pdf

Advertising Regulatory Board 2019 Code of Advertising Practice: Section I - Introduction http://arb.org.za/assets/section-i.pdf accessed 12 March 2019

ARB 2019 http://arb.org.za/assets/section-ii.pdf

Advertising Regulatory Board 2019 Code of Advertising Practice: Section II - General Principles http://arb.org.za/assets/section-ii.pdf accessed 12 March 2019

ARB 2019 http://arb.org.za/assets/section-iii.pdf

Advertising Regulatory Board 2019 Code of Advertising Practice: Section III - Specific Categories of Advertising http://arb.org.za/assets/section-iii.pdf accessed 12 March 2019

ARB 2019 http://arb.org.za/codes.html

Advertising Regulatory Board 2019 Code of Advertising Practice http://arb.org.za/codes.html accessed 12 March 2019

ARB 2019 http://arb.org.za/index.html

Advertising Regulatory Board 2019 Home Page http://arb.org.za/index.html accessed 12 March 2019

List of Abbreviations