Abstract

Keywords

Legal interpretation; golden rule; textualism; limited contextualism; unlimited contextualism; integrated approach; holistic approach; iterative approach; purposivism.

……………………………………………………….

Editorial

On 23 March 2018 the Law Faculty at the University of the Western Cape hosted a conference entitled "Towards an integrated approach to the interpretation of legal documents: contracts, wills and statutes". The aim of the conference was to take stock of the state of legal interpretation in South Africa five years after the so-called "golden rule" of legal interpretation was abolished in Joint Natal Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality.1 The judgment written on behalf of a unanimous court by Wallis JA immediately distinguished itself from surrounding case law for two reasons. First, the judgment self-consciously sought to bring an end to the ongoing debate about the proper approach to the interpretation of legal documents in South Africa. The judgment contains a short summary of the correct approach to legal interpretation, comprehensively argued and justified by a discussion of the most important global trends in legal interpretation. Wallis JA explained that these global trends favoured a one-stage or contextual approach over the outdated two-stage or textual approach traditionally associated with the “golden rule” of interpretation.2 Wallis JA furthermore made clear that the one-stage approach3

… is the approach that courts in South Africa should now follow, without the need to cite authorities from an earlier era that are not necessarily consistent and frequently reflect an approach to interpretation that is no longer appropriate.

Second, the judgment suggested that the one-stage or contextual approach should be uniformly applied to the interpretation of all legal documents, from wills to patents, contracts to constitutions.4 In short, Endumeni sought to draw a line under the era dominated by the golden rule of legal interpretation

and to embrace a new era dominated by a modern, globally recognised and fully integrated approach to legal interpretation.

The desire to modernise our law of statutory interpretation clearly touched a nerve. In less than a decade Endumeni has become one of the most cited authorities in the history of South African law.5 At the same time, as references to the Endumeni judgment continues to multiply, it is slowly becoming clear that the summary statement of the contextual approach provided in paragraph 18 of the judgment is not always understood in the same manner. Some uncertainty seems to persist in our recent case law around two issues: whether anything remains of the golden rule after Endumeni, and whether the modern Endumeni approach can indeed be applied uniformly to all legal documents. Given these uncertainties, it appeared appropriate to academically revisit the Endumeni judgment and its rapid assimilated into our case law. A call for papers was drafted which posed the following questions to potential presenters: Has the Endumeni judgment resulted in an integrated approach to legal interpretation that can be applied uniformly to wills, contracts, and statutes? If so, what exactly is the new integrated approach, how does it differ from the older fragmented approach, and why is the old approach no longer appropriate? The call for papers attracted the attention of academics from five South African Universities. The conference was divided into three sessions dealing with the interpretation of wills, contracts and statutes respectively. Justice Malcolm Wallis was invited and generously agreed to present the keynote address.

This special edition contains three of the papers that were presented at the conference. The three papers are best read in the order in which they appear here. The first contribution is a reworked version of the keynote address delivered by Justice Wallis.6 Justice Wallis explains why it had become necessary to provide a restatement of the law and reveals that two background principles animate the judgment: Endumeni aims to enhance both the efficiency and accountability with which our courts engage in processes of legal interpretation. Endumeni seeks to enhance the efficiency of adjudication by providing lawyers and judges with "a single reasonably clear standard by which to approach questions of interpretation, without the need to trawl through a mountain of inconsistent judgments and dicta".7

Endumeni seeks to enhance judicial accountability by demanding that judges "articulate their reasons, both linguistic and contextual, for arriving at their decisions on questions of the construction of documents".8

The desire to rid our case law of superficial canon-based rationalisations of legal decisions therefore lies at the heart of the Endumeni approach. By describing interpretation as a single unified process, the judgment shifts the focus from individual canons of interpretation to the context in which the process of interpretation unfolds. The role of the context is not primarily to clarify the legal meaning of a text but rather to ensure the best available justification of the legal meaning ascribed to a text. It no longer suffices to claim that context is not needed where the meaning of the text is clear, as textualists did for many years. This is so because the clarity of the law must be contextually justified against equally pressing demands for greater consistency, efficiency and social justice in the application of the law. Endumeni seems to embrace all four these foundational values of the legal order as co-equal aims of the interpretive process, without ranking them in any order of priority. Endumeni further accepts that it is difficult to harmonise these considerations and that complex compromises between the clarity, consistency, efficiency and justice of the law lie at the heart of the interpretive process. By insisting that text and context must be considered together from the start,9 Endumeni forces courts to justify why, for example, the clarity of a text ("the language used in the light of the ordinary rules of grammar and syntax") outweighs the internal consistency of the text ("the context in which the provision appears"), the efficiency of the text ("the apparent purpose to which it is directed and the material known to those responsible for its production"),10 or the public policy or social justice implications of the text.11 While the same four factors constitute the relevant

legal context of every act of interpretation, the importance of each of the four factors within that context varies from one act of interpretation to the next. There is therefore also no longer any fixed hierarchy or sequence in which the relevant contextual factors must be considered. Wallis JA describes the one-stage process of interpretation as "iterative" in nature,12 sharply contrasting it with the linear nature of the traditional two-stage process under the golden rule.

It is the iterative nature of fully contextualised legal interpretation that arguably holds the key to the second aspiration of the Endumeni judgment, namely to formulate one integrated approach to the interpretation of all legal texts. It seems clear that an integrated approach to legal interpretation must also be an iterative approach to legal interpretation. The point has been forcefully argued by Aharon Barak,13 one of the leading champions of a purposive approach to legal interpretation. According to Barak, the legal meaning of a legal text is generated by combining the subjective purpose (author's intention) and objective purpose (constitutional telos) of that text. Barak therefore does not find it necessary to challenge authorial intent in the way Wallis JA does in Endumeni and accepts that evidence of such intention is always admissible and relevant where it is available. What Barak does not accept is that this evidence is always of equal importance during the interpretation process. The weight carried by the intention of the author, relative to the public telos of a text, is always dependent on the context. Factors such as the private nature and age of the text are relevant when this contextual judgment must be made. Generally speaking, a clear subjective intention would be more important in the case of a private law text such as a will, compared to a public law text such as a statute or constitution, where the telos of the text would in turn be more important. The shifting importance Barak ascribes to the intention of the author - be it a testator or a legislator - applies to all the other contextual factors that must be considered during the interpretive process. Within the growing family of purposivist judges, Barak would certainly encourage Wallis JA to more fully embrace the unlimited nature of the legal context as a necessary precondition to achieve the two aspirations of Endumeni.

It is therefore particularly interesting that, in the second contribution included in this special edition, Kessler Perumalsamy takes issue with the Endumeni approach precisely because it fails to sufficiently limit the relevant context

in which legal texts must be interpreted.14 According to Perumalsamy, this is also the reason why Endumeni has not had the stabilising effect on statutory interpretation that Wallis JA might have hoped for.15 By retelling the story of the long-standing conflict between the text and the context in South African law, Perumalsamy concludes that Endumeni "does leave one with a great deal of confusion as to the extent of the permissibility of the context".16 He then boldly asserts that in spite of Endumeni, the "old textualist approach is not dead".17 This is not just a descriptive claim but also a normative assessment. Perumalsamy seeks to restore the primary place of the text in the contextual scene and openly challenges the claim that "meaning can be determined only with reference to the full context in which words are used".18 This, insists Perumalsamy, is not always the case. The history of statutory interpretation teaches us that sometimes deep forays into the context are not necessary or even helpful:19

[W]e adopted the textualist rule, not because we didn't think that the context is important. We did, but we did not think that it was always important. Sometimes it helps us because the ordinary meaning is absurd, vague or ambiguous, but most of the time it is not. And the context does nothing to help us.

Perumalsamy’s contestation of the Endumeni approach aims to reconstruct the law of statutory interpretation around the perspective of the reasonable reader. According to him this means that any Endumeni-like restatement of the interpretive process should clearly identify which aspects of the context are always inadmissible (evidence of the negotiating or legislative history of a text, for example) and under which limited circumstances courts may consult those aspects of the context that are admissible as interpretive aids. Perumalsamy spends most of his time establishing the importance of these questions but also provides important suggestions about the best way of answering them.

In the final contribution included below,20 Brighton Mupangavanhu does not take issue with the unlimited contextual approach of Endumeni but rather seeks to bolster the importance of the transformative aspirations of the Constitution21 or transformative constitutionalism within that context. This

suggests that the constitutional dimension of the legally relevant context remained under-explored in Endumeni. Mupangavanhu argues that a normative framework is needed to evaluate interpretations of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and embraces the purposive approach formulated by Wallis JA in Endumeni as the starting point of this framework.22 Mupangavanhu points out that the common law approach championed by Wallis JA overlaps with the statutory mandate to interpret and apply the Companies Act in a manner that gives effect to the purposes of the Act, most importantly to promote compliance with the Bill of Rights. Having established that the spirit of the Bill of Rights forms part of the legally relevant interpretive context, Mupangavanhu takes up the question raised by Perumalsamy to explain at which stage a consideration of this aspect of the context might be necessary or helpful. Mupangavanhu concludes that the constitutional purpose or telos of the Companies Act must be considered from the start and not merely when the constitutionality of a provision in the Act is at stake. He then proceeds to explore some of the further implications of a teleological or unlimited contextual approach to statutory interpretation.

The three contributions included below thus differ significantly in the way each understands what belongs to the context and when the various aspects of the context may be considered. On the one side of the argument, a case is made for unlimited contextualism, first by justice Wallis in the name of judicial accountability and then by Mupangavanhu in the name of the transformative constitutionalism. On the other side of the argument, a case is made by Perumalsamy for limited contextualism, sometimes also known as new textualism or new purposivism,23 on the basis of classic rule of law and separation of powers arguments. This means that the conference that gave rise to these clarifications, contestations and applications of the Endumeni approach did nothing to strengthen the hegemony of the contextual approach as an integrated approach to legal interpretation in South Africa. By redefining and hopefully re-animating the ongoing debate about the nature of legal interpretation in South Africa after Edumeni, the three contributions published below might have achieved something far more important.

Bibliography

Literature

Barak Purposive Interpretation

Barak A Purposive Interpretation in Law (Princeton University Press Princeton 2005)

Eskridge 2013 Colum L Rev

Eskridge WN "The New Textualism and Normative Canons" 2013 Colum L Rev 531-592

Gardbaum New Commonwealth Approach

Gardbaum S The New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism: Theory and Practice (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2013)

Manning 2010 CLR

Manning JF "Second-Generation Textualism" 2010 CLR 1287-1318

Molot 2006 Colum L Rev

Molot J "The Rise and Fall of Textualism" 2006 Colum L Rev 1-69

Mupangavanhu 2019 PELJ

Mupangavanhu BM "Impact of the Constitution's Normative Framework on the Interpretation of Provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008" 2019 PELJ 1-23

Perumalsamy 2019 PELJ

Perumalsamy K "The Life and Times of Textualism in South Africa" 2019 PELJ 1-28

Wallis 2019 PELJ

Wallis M "Interpretation Before and After Natal Joint Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality 2012 4 SA 593 (SCA)" 2019 PELJ 1-29

Case law

Bato Star Fishing (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Environmental Affairs 2004 4 SA 490 (CC)

Bothma-Batho Transport (Edms) Bpk v S Bothma & Seun Transport (Edms) Bpk 2014 2 SA 494 (SCA)

Coopers & Lybrand v Bryant 1995 3 SA 761 (A)

Natal Joint Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality 2012 4 SA 593 (SCA)

Legislation

Companies Act 71 of 2008

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

List of Abbreviations