A Selection of Constitutional Perspectives on Human Kidney Sales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i1a2315Keywords:
kidney donation, organ sales, Constitution, human life, human dignity, self-determination, privacy, healthcare, living donor, remuneration.Abstract
There are thousands of desperate people globally who need a kidney for transplantation. The number of people who require a kidney transplant continues to escalate faster than the number of kidneys available for a transplant. The specific focus of this article is to determine whether the payment of kidney donors could be regarded as constitutionally acceptable or not. To establish the constitutional acceptability of the reimbursement of kidney donors the following rights are analysed: the right to life, the right to human dignity, the right to self-determination, the right to privacy, and the right of access to healthcare services. Case law regarding the above is also included. After careful consideration of all of the above it is concluded that it should be regarded as constitutionally acceptable to remunerate a kidney donor for his kidney.
Downloads
References
Bibliography
Berger "Constitution and Public Health Policy"
Berger J "The Constitution and Public Health Policy" in Hassim A, Heywood M and Berger J (eds) Health and Democracy: A Guide to Human Rights, Health Law and Policy in Post-apartheid South Africa (Siber Ink Cape Town 2007) 30-69
Botha 2009 Stell L Rev
Botha H "Human Dignity in a Comparative Perspective" 2009 Stell L Rev 171-220
Carsten and Pearmain Foundational Principles
Carstens PA and Pearmain DL Foundational Principles of South African Medical Law (LexisNexis Butterworths 2007)
Currie and De Waal Bill of Rights Handbook
Currie I and De Waal J The Bill of Rights Handbook 5th ed (Juta Cape Town 2008)
Danwood 2002 Human Rights Brief
Danwood MC "Toward Revitalizing Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in Africa: Social and Economic Rights Action Centre and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria" 2002 Human Rights Brief (10)17-32
Devenish Commentary
Devenish GE A Commentary on the South African Bill of Rights (Butterworths Durban 1999)
Dhai and McQuoid-Mason Bioethics
Dhai A and McQuoid-Mason D Bioethics, Human Rights and Health Law (Juta Cape Town 2011)
Dugard International Law
Dugard J International Law: A South African Perspective 3rd ed (Juta Cape Town 2006)
Formica et al 2010 Clin J Am Soc Nephro
Formica RN et al "Kidney Transplantation and HIV: Does Recipient Privacy Outweigh the Donor’s Right to Information?" 2010 Clin J Am Soc Nephro 924-928
Gill and Sade 2002 Kennedy Inst Ethics J
Gill MB and Sade RM "Paying for Kidneys: The Case Against Prohibition" 2002 Kennedy Inst Ethics J (12)17-45
Goolam 2001 PELJ
Goolam NMI "Human Dignity – Our Supreme Constitutional Value" 2001 PELJ (4)1-16
Hakim Introduction to Organ Transplantation
Hakim NS Introduction to Organ Transplantation (Imperial College Press London 1997)
Harillall and Kasiram 2011 Health SA Gesondheid
Harillall B and Kasiram M "Exploring the Bio-psychosocial Effect of Renal Replacement Therapy amongst Patients in a State Hospital in South Africa" 2011 Health SA Gesondheid (16)1-10
Heywood "Background to Health Law"
Heywood M "A Background to Health Law and Human Rights in South Africa" in Hassim A, Heywood M and Berger J (eds) Health and Democracy: A Guide to Human Rights, Health Law and Policy in Post-apartheid South Africa (Siber Ink Cape Town 2007) 2-29
Jordaan South African Consumer’s Information Privacy
Jordaan Y South African Consumer’s Information Privacy (LLD-thesis UP 2003)
Killander "African Human Rights Law"
Killander M "African Human Rights Law in Theory and Practice" in Joseph S and McBeth A (eds) Research Handbook on International Human Rights Law (Cheltenham United Kingdom 2010) 388-413
Liebenberg 2005 SAJHR
Liebenberg S "The Value of Human Dignity in Interpreting Socio-economic rights" 2005 SAJHR 1-33
Manby "Civil and Political Rights"
Manby B "Civil and Political Rights in the African Charter in Human and Peoples’ Rights Articles 1-7" in Evans M and Murray R The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: The System in Practice 1986–2006 2nd ed (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2008) 171-213
Matas 2006 Clin J Am Soc Nephro
Matas AJ "Why we should Develop a Regulated System of Kidney Sales: A Call for Action!" 2006 Clin J Am Soc Nephro 1129-1132
Moellendorf 1998 SAJHR
Moellendorf D "Reasoning about Resources: Soobramoney and the Future of Economic Right Claims" 1998 SAJHR 327-333
Naicker 2003 Kidney International
Naicker S "End-stage Renal Disease in Sub-Saharan and South Africa" 2003 Kidney International 119-122
Neethling et al Law of Personality
Neethling et al Neetling’s Law of Personality (LexisNexis Butterworths Durban 1996)
Ngwena 2000 Med Law Int
Ngwena C "Substantive Equality in South Africa Health Care: The Limits of the Law" 2000 Med Law Int (4)1-21
Ngwena and Cook "Rights Concerning Health"
Ngwena C and Cook R "Rights Concerning Health" in Brand D and Heyns C (eds) Socio-economic Rights in South Africa (Pretoria University Law Press Pretoria 2005) 107-151
Rehof "Article 3"
Rehof L "Article 3" in Gudmundur A and Eide A The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Commentary (Scandinavian University Press 1992) 73-85
Rehman International Human Rights
Rehman J International Human Rights: A Practical Approach (Longman London 2003)
SALC Assisted Decision-making
South African Law Commission Assisted Decision-making: Adults with Impaired Decision-making Capacity - Discussion Paper 105, Project 122 (SALC Pretoria 2004)
Schicktanz , Wiesermann and Wöhlke Organ Transplantation
Schicktanz S, Wiesermann C and Wöhlke S Teaching Ethics in Organ Transplantation and Tissue Donation (Univeritätverlag Göttingen 2010)
Schmidt Justice at Nuremberg
Schmidt U Justice at Nuremberg: Leo Alexander and the Nazi Doctors’ Trail (Palgrave MacMillan Hampshire 2006)
Slabbert 2010 PELJ
Slabbert M "Ethics, Justice and the Sale of Kidneys for Transplantation Purposes" 2010 PELJ 77-105
Swanepoel Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Cloning
Swanepoel M Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Cloning: A Proposed Legislative Framework in the Context of Legal Status and Personhood (LLM-thesis UP 2006)
Register of cases
Carmichele v Minister of Safety and Security 2001 4 SA 398 (CC)
Christian Lawyers Association of South Africa v Minister of Health 1998 4 SA 1113 (T)
Dawood v Minister of Home Affairs 2000 3 SA 936 (CC)
Du Plessis v De Klerk 1996 3 SA 850 (CC)
Ex parte Minister of Safety and Security: In re S v Walters 2002 4 SA 613 (CC)
Ferreira v Levin 1996 1 SA 984 (CC)
Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences v Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty) Ltd: In re Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty) Ltd v Smit 2001 1 SA 545 (CC)
Katangese People’s Congress v Zaire Communication 75/92
Khosa v Minister of Social Development; Mahlaule v Minister of Social Development 2004 6 SA 505 (CC)
Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign 2002 10 BCLR 1033 (CC)
Phillips v De Klerk 1983 TPD (unreported)
Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria Communication 155/96
Soobramoney v Minister of Health (KwaZulu Natal) 1998 1 SA 765 (CC)
S v Makwanyane 1995 3 SA 391 (CC)
Van Biljon v Minister of Correctional Services 1997 4 SA 441 (C)
Register of legislation
Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
National Health Act 61of 2003
Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000
Register of international and regional legal instruments
African Charter of Human and People’s Rights (1981)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)
Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities (1997)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)
Register of internet sources
Canadian Institute for Health 2010 http://bit.ly/Y0QNrz
Canadian Institute for Health 2010 Renal Transplantation Saving Millions on Dialysis Costs http://bit.ly/Y0QNrz [date of use 20 May 2012]
Clark 2006 http://bit.ly/WWupRe
Clark PA 2006 Financial Incentives for Cadaveric Organ Donation: An Ethical Analysis http://bit.ly/WWupRe [date of use 23 May 2012]
Davison and Rosielle 2008 http://bit.ly/Z0ZaSX
Davison SN and Rosielle DA 2008 Withdrawl (sic) of Dialysis: Decision Making http://bit.ly/Z0ZaSX [date of use 21 May 2012]
De Klerk 2011 http://bit.ly/14dSC8b
De Klerk A 2011 A Simple Answer to Kidney Diseases http://bit.ly/14dSC8b [date of use 19 Apr 2012]
Hartwell 2010 http://bit.ly/149gfyc
Hartwell L 2010 Global Organ Donation Policies around the World http://bit.ly/149gfyc [date of use 18 Aug 2011]
Joseph 2011 http://bit.ly/ZoHrl2
Joseph R 2011 The Right to Life is the Most Important of All http://bit.ly/ZoHrl2 [date of use 26 March 2013]
KHA 2008 http://bit.ly/ZzEJfQ
Kidney Health Australia 2008 Kidney Facts http://bit.ly/ZzEJfQ [date of use 25 Apr 2011]
McLean 2012 http://bit.ly/XrIpxs
McLean SAM 2012 Human Rights and Bioethics http://bit.ly/XrIpxs [date of use 17 May 2012]
Minister of Health 2008 http://bit.ly/YqsHG5
Minister of Health Singapore 2008 Human Organ Transplant Act (HOTA) http://bit.ly/YqsHG5 [date of use 29 May 2012]
National Kidney Foundation 2009 http://bit.ly/Y14Ptd
National Kidney Foundation 2009 When Stopping Dialysis Treatment is your Choice http://bit.ly/Y14Ptd [date of use 21 May 2012]
Newman 2010 http://bit.ly/YHND7y
Newman B 2010 The Doctors of the Holocaust http://bit.ly/YHND7y [date of use 17 May 2012]
Organ Donor Foundation 2012 http://bit.ly/YqtVB8
Organ Donor Foundation 2012 Home Page http://bit.ly/YqtVB8 [date of use 5 May 2011]
UN CESCR 2000 http://bit.ly/102nBOG
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2000 General Comment 14: The Right to Highest Attainable Standard of Health http://bit.ly/102nBOG [date of use 19 Apr 2012]
UN Human Rights Committee 1988 http://bit.ly/ZfoHEn
United Nations Human Rights Committee 1988 General Comment 16: The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence and Protection of Honour and Reputation http://bit.ly/ZfoHEn [date of use 17 May 2011]
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Bonnie Venter
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.