Developing Countries and Copyright in the Information Age - The Functional Equivalent Implementation of the WCT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2006/v9i2a2820Abstract
Digital technology has had a profound impact on copyright law. The implementation of the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the enforcement of technological protection measures have led to disparate forms of copyright protection for digital and analogue media. The balance between authors’ rights and the right of the public to access copyright works has been distorted.
Copyright law is playing an ever-increasing crucial role in the Information Society. Developing countries are especially disadvantaged by diminished access to works. In this article it is argued that adherence to the principle of functional equivalence in implementing the anti-circumvention provisions of the WCT will ensure that the copyright balance is maintained and will advance the development agenda
Downloads
References
Bibliography
Albert Cyberspace
Albert, GP Intellectual Property Law in Cyberspace (BNA Books
Washington DC 1999)
Anon 1997 PC Week 3
Anon “It‟s the World‟s Biggest Copy Machine” PC Week 27 January 1997 3
Anon 1999 Economist 95
Anon “Digital Rights and Wrongs” Economist 17 July 1999 95
Correa IIC 570-585
Correa CM “Fair use in the digital era” 2002 (33) International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law 570-585
Davies Public Interest
Davies G Copyright and the Public Interest (Sweet & Maxwell London 2002)
Dreier 1995 Copyright World
Dreier T “Unsolved copyright Issues in digital and network environment” 1995 Copyright World 36
Glatt 1998 IJLIT
Glatt C “Comparative issues in the formation of electronic contracts” 1998 (1) International Journal of Law and Information Technology 34-57
Herrington Controlling Voices
Herrington TK Controlling Voices Intellectual Property, Humanistic Studies and the Internet (Southern Illinois University Press Carbondale and Edwardsville 2001)
Hoffmann Cyberspace
Hoffmann GM Copyright in Cyberspace Questions and Answers for
Librarians (Neal-Schuman Publishers New York 2001)
Howland 1997 Euro TL
Howland RIL “UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce” 1997 (32) European Transport Law 703
Khaw 2005 EIPR
Khaw LT “Of Encryption and Devices: The Anti-Circumvention Provision of the Malaysian Copyright Act 1987” 2005 European Intellectual Property law Review 53-64
Kierkegaard (ed) COMPLEX 4/06
Kierkegaard SM (ed) COMPLEX 4/06 Legal, Privacy and Security Issues in Information Technology Vol 2 (Institutt før rettsinformatikk Oslo 2006)
Lee Copyright Guide
Lee RE A Copyright Guide for Authors (Kent Press Stamford CT 1995)
Neuen 2005 RIDA
Neuen J “Luxembourg‟s Implementation of the European Directive of 22
May 2001 on the Harmonisation of Certain Aspects of Copyright and
Related Rights in the Information Society” 2005 Revue Internationale Du
Droit D’Auteur 138-182
Norman Education
Norman S Copyright in further and higher education libraries 4th ed (Library Association Publishing London 1999)
Norman Practical
Norman S Practical Copyright for Information Professionals (Facet
Publishing London UK 2004)
Owen Selling Rights
Owen L Selling Rights 4th ed (Rutledge London New York 2001)
Price and Verhulst Self-Regulation
Price ME and Verhulst SG Self-Regulation and the Internet (Kluver Law International The Hague 2005)
Sun 2005 IIC
Sun H “Copyright law under siege: An inquiry into the legitimacy of copyright protection in the context of the global divide” 2005 (36)
International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law 192-213
Van Coppenhagen 2003 SALJ 429-454
Van Coppenhagen V “Copyright and the WIPO Copyright Treaty, with Specific Reference to the Rights Applicable in a Digital Environment and the Protection of Technological Measures” 2003 South African Law Journal 429-454
Walden 2001 ELR
Walden I “Regulating electronic commerce: Europe in the global Economy”
(26) European Law Review 529
Wiese 2002 Comms L
Wiese H “Anti-circumvention laws: a „circumvention‟ of the copyright balance in the digital age?” 2002 (7) Communications Law 146-154
Register of legislation
Botswana Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000
European Union 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright law in the information society
Luxembourg Copyright, related rights and database rights
Act of 18 April 2001 as amended by the law of
April 2004
South Africa Copyright Act 98 of 1978
Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964
Electronic Communications and Transactions
Act 25 of 2002
Interception and Monitoring Prohibition Act 127 of 1992
Unites States of America Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 105 Pub L No 304 112 Stat 2660
Treaties and other International Sources
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and artistic Works of September 9 1886 as revised at Paris 1971
Draft Access to Knowledge Treaty 2005
United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1976
United Nations, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1976
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996
Register Internet resources
Altini 2002 http://www.cliffedekker.co.za/ 1 Mar
Altini N “Cyber Crime” in Commentary on the Electronic Communications and Transactions Bill 2002 [Found on internet] www.cliffedekker.co.za [Date of use 1 Mar 2006]
Armstrong and Ford 2005 http://www.common-sense.org 10 Mar
Armstrong C and Ford H 2005 The African digital commons a participant‟s guide (a collaborative output of the commons-sense project) [Found on internet] http://www.common-sense.org [Date of use 10 Mar 2006]
BOAI 2001 http://www.soros.org/ 10 Mar
Budapest Open Access Initiative 2001 [Found on Internet] http://www.soros.org/openaccess/ [Date of use 10 Mar 2006]
BOAI 2002 http://www.soros.org/ 10 Mar
Budapest Open Access Initiative 2002 Statement [Found on Internet] http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml [Date of use 10 Mar 2006]
Bollier 2006 http://onthecommons.org 12 Mar
Bollier D 2006 A New Treaty to Assure „Access to Knowledge? [Found on internet] http://onthecommons.org [Date of use 12 Mar 2006]
CLM 2004 http://www.ifla.org/ 09 Mar
Committee on Copyright and Other Legal Matters 2004 Limitations and
Exceptions to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights in the Digital Environment: An International Library Perspective [Found on internet] http://www.ifla.org/III/clm/p1/ilp.htm [Date of use 09 Mar 2006]
CI Report 2006 http://www.cr-international.com/ 13 Mar
Consumer International Report 2006 Copyright and Access to Knowledge - Policy Recommendations on Flexibilities in Copyright Law [Found on internet] http://www.cr-international.com/2006_Consumer-
International_Copyright_and_Access_to_Knowledge_16.2..pdf [Date of use 13 Mar 2006]
Dreier 2004 http://www.intellecprop.mpg.de/ 26 Apr
Dreier T 2004 Copyright law and digital exploitation of works: The current landscape in the age of the Internet and multimedia [Found on internet] http://www.intellecprop.mpg.de/Onl.nen/dreier-Digi-Exploitation.html [Date of use 26 Apr 2006]
Geist 2006 Lex Electronica http://www.lex-electronica.org/ 8 Mar
Geist M “Looking at the Future of Canadian Copyright in the Rear View Mirror” 2006 (10) Lex Electronica 2 [Found on internet] http://www.lexelectronica.org/articles/v10-3/geist.htm [Date of use 8 Mar 2006]
Livermore and Euarjai 1998 JILT http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/ 10 Mar
Livermore J and Euarjai K “Electronic Bills of Lading and Functional Equivalence” 1998 (2) Journal of Information Law and Technology [Found on internet] http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/ecomm/98_2liv/ [Date of use 10 Mar 2006]
NEPAD 2001 http://www.nepad.org/ 5 May
The New Partnership for Africa‟s Development Oct 2001 [Found on internet] http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/inbrief.pdf [Date of use 5 May 2006]
Nwauche 2005 http://www.codesria.org/ 20 Apr
Nwauche ES “A Development Oriented Intellectual Property Regime for
Africa” Paper presented at the 11th General Assembly of Council for the
Development of Social Science Research for Africa (CODESRIA) in Maputo Mozambique 6-10 December 2005 [Found on internet] http://www.codesria.org/Links/conferences/general_assembly11/papers/nw auche.pdf#search=%22%2BNwauche%20%2B%22Development%20Orien ted%20Intellectual%20Property%20Regime%20for%20Africa%22%22 [Date of use 20 Apr 2006]
Ovett 2006 http://www.3dthree.org/ 9 Mar
Ovett D 2006 “Policy Brief on Intellectual Property, Development and
Human Rights: How Human Rights Can Support Proposals for a World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Development Agenda” Policy Brief 2 [Found on internet] http://www.3dthree.org/pdf_3D/3DPolBrief-
WIPO-eng.pdf#search=%22%2BOvett%20%2B%22Policy%20Brief%20on
%20Intellectual%20Property%22%22 [Date of use 09 Mar 2006]
Shashikant 2005 http://wsispapers.choike.org/ 8 Mar
Shashikant S 2005 “Intellectual Property and the WIPO „Development Agenda‟” [Found on internet] http://wsispapers.choike.org//briefings/eng/ sangeeta_wipo_edit.pdf [Date of use 08 Mar 2006]
UK CIPR 2002 http://www.cptech.org/ip/wipo/uk-iim.doc 22 Jun
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights 2002 The Report of the
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights and the UK Government Response [Found on internet] http://www.iprcommission.org/graphic/documents/final_report.htm [Date of use 22 Jun 2006]
UNCITRAL Guide1996 http://www.uncitral.org/ 20 Apr
UNCITRAL Working Group on Electronic Commerce 1996 Guide to Enactment [Found on internet] http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-
_Ebook.pdf#search=%22UNCITRAL%20Working%20Group%20on%
Electronic%20Commerce%201996%20Guide%20to%20Enactment%22
[Date of use 20 Apr 2006]
University of California 1996 http://www.ucop.edu/ 13 Mar
University of California 1996 Copyright Legislation And Scholarly Communication Basic Principles [Found on internet] http://www.ucop.edu/irc/wp/wp_Docs/wpd006.html [Date of use 13 Mar 2006]
WCT 2001 http://www.wipo.int/ 10 Mar
WIPO Copyright Treaty 2001 Notification No 32 WIPO Copyright Treaty Entry into Force [Found on internet] http://www.wipo.int/edocs/notdocs/ en/wct/treaty_wct_32.html [Date of use 10 Mar 2005]
Wealde 2001 JILT http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/ 10 Mar
Waelde C “The Quest for Access in the Digital Era: Copyright and the Internet” 2001 (1) Journal of Information Law and Technology 1 [Found on internet] http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/01-1/waelde.html [Date of use 10 Mar 2005]
WIPO Contribution 2003 http://www.itu.int/ 10 Mar
World Intellectual Property Organization 2003 Contribution at the World
Summit on the Information Society Document WSIS/PC-2/CONTR/97-E
[Found on internet] http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/poa.html [Date of use 10 Mar 2005]
WSIS 2003 http://www.itu.int/ 10 Mar
World Summit on the Information Society 2003 Plan of Action Document WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/5-E [Found on internet] http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/poa.html [Date of use 10 Mar 2005]
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 T Pistorius
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}