Nobody can Really Afford Legal Services: The Price of Justice in Namibia

Authors

  • Dunia Zongwe Walter Sisulu University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a6420

Keywords:

Legal services, unaffordability, Namibia, poverty, inaccessibility, insurance

Abstract

Nobody (except for the privileged few) can afford legal services in Namibia. In the light of this dawning awareness, how should the government and other stakeholders design the legal profession so that the greatest number of Namibians can access legal services and, ultimately, justice while preserving the profession's financial viability? The predominantly economic nature of this question means that its solutions lie less in the field of law than in the field of economics. Thus, this article adopts a methodology that reflects that insight.

As a primary purpose, this article works towards solving the high cost of legal services in Namibia. It utilises a literature-review methodology that searches the scholarship on the legal profession for practical, down-to-earth solutions put forward in other countries to take the edge off the prohibitive cost of legal services. The article mainly finds that, if structured as a compulsory salary deduction, legal insurance promises the greatest positive impact on costs. And it concludes that the optimal solutions should consist of measures aimed at heightening competition in the legal profession and measures that broaden cost-sharing in providing legal assistance to the public. The article argues that competition can be effectively increased by lubricating the flow of information about prices and services, and by having more public entities bear the burden of expanding the system of legal assistance.

GS94.png

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bibliography

Literature

American Bar Association Report on the Future of Legal Services in the United States (American Bar Association Washington DC 2016)

Bank of Namibia Challenges of Monetary Policy for Namibia within the Common Monetary Area (CMA) Agreement (Bank of Namibia Windhoek 2000)

Boote DN and Beile P "Scholars before Researchers: On the Centrality of the Dissertation Literature Review in Research Preparation" 2005 Educ Res 3-15

Centre for Innovative Justice Affordable Justice: A Pragmatic Path to Greater Flexibility and Access in the Private Legal Services Market (Centre for Innovative Justice Melbourne 2013)

Chaserant C and Harnay S "The Regulation of Quality in the Market for Legal Services: Taking the Heterogeneity of Legal Services Seriously" 2013 Eur J Comp Econ 267-291

Cohen IG "Rationing Legal Services" 2013 JLA 221-307

Damaseb PT Promoting Access to Justice in the High Court of Namibia: First Report: The Case for Judicial Case Management (High Court of the Republic of Namibia Windhoek 2010)

Damaseb PT "Court-connected Mediation in the High Court of Namibia" 2019 NLJ 29-46

Dzienkowski JS "The Future of Big Law: Alternative Legal Service Providers to Corporate Clients" 2014 Fordham L Rev 2995-3040

Hart HLA The Concept of Law 2nd ed (Oxford University Press Oxford 1994)

High Court of Namibia Annual Report 2015-16: Celebrating Judiciary-led Reforms towards Court Excellence and Improved Service Delivery (High Court of Namibia Windhoek 2017)

Hill LL "Alternative Business Structure for Lawyers and Law Firms: A View from the Global Legal Services Market" 2017 Or Rev Int'l L 135-184

Hobbs GJ "Judicial Support for Pro Bono Legal Service" 2012 Denv U L Rev 851-858

Holmes OW "The Path of the Law" 1897 Harv L Rev 457-478

Hopkins E "Price Dispersion" in Palgrave Macmillan The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Palgrave Macmillan London 2018) 10692-10695

Jauch H and Tjirera E "The Need for Developmental State Intervention in Namibia" in Kanyenze G et al (eds) Towards Democratic Developmental States in Southern Africa (Weaver Press Harare 2017) 135-199

Joy PA "The Cost of Clinical Legal Education" 2012 Boston College Journal of Law and Social Justice 309-330

Klaaren J "The Cost of Justice" 2014 The Salon 21-25

Krause J "The Cost of Free: Don't Bet the Firm on No- or Low-price Software" 2007 ABA Journal 57

Lansing P et al "The Ethics of Contingent Fees in Legal Service Businesses" 2009 J Legal Prof 301-316

The Law and Development Partnership Developing a Portfolio of Financially Sustainable, Scalable Basic Legal Service Models: Costing Methodology Paper (The Law and Development Partnership London 2016)

Lee EG "Law without Lawyers: Access to Civil Justice and the Cost of Legal Services" 2015 U Miami L Rev 499-517

Lo AW "Efficient Markets Hypothesis" in Palgrave Macmillan The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Palgrave Macmillan London 2018) 3543-3560

Marks RE "Rising Legal Costs" in Fox R (ed) Justice in the Twenty-first Century (Cavendish London 1999) 227-235

Melamed P "An Alternative to the Contingent Fee – An Assessment of the Incentive Effects of the English Conditional Fee Arrangement" 2006 Cardozo L Rev 2433-2464

Morris JB Leadership on the Federal Bench: The Craft and Activism of Jack Weinstein (Oxford University Press Oxford 2011)

Mwinga M et al Namibia Fiscal Policy Analysis – March 2019: Namibia's Fiscal Policy at the Cross Road (First Capital Windhoek 2019)

Ndeunyema NML "Igniting the Plea Bargaining Discourse in Namibia: What is it and Do we Need it?" 2012 NLJ 55-81

Namibia Statistics Agency Namibia Inter-censal Demographic Survey: 2016 Report (Namibia Statistics Agency Windhoek 2017)

Namibia Statistics Agency The Namibia Labour Force Survey: 2014 Report (Namibia Statistics Agency Windhoek 2015)

Namibia Statistics Agency The Namibia Labour Force Survey: 2016 Report (Namibia Statistics Agency Windhoek 2017)

Namibia Statistics Agency The Namibia Labour Force Survey: 2018 Report (Namibia Statistics Agency Windhoek 2019)

Office of the Ombudsman 2013 Baseline Study Report on Human Rights in Namibia (Office of the Ombudsman Windhoek 2013)

Olesen HB and Nielsen CK The Legal Profession: Competition and Liberalisation (Copenhagen Economics Copenhagen 2006)

OMB Research Prices of Individual Consumer Legal Services (Legal Services Board Kent 2016)

Schultz CI "Legal Offshoring: A Cost-benefit Analysis" 2010 J Corp L 639-661

Semega JL et al Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016 (US Government Printing Office Washington DC 2017)

Shaviro D "The Economics of Tax Law" in Parisi F (ed) Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics Vol 3 (Oxford University Press Oxford 2017) 106-126

Shleifer A The Failure of Judges and the Rise of Regulators (MIT Press Cambridge, Mass 2012)

Snyder H "Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines" 2019 J Bus Res 333-339

Sowell T Economic Facts and Fallacies 2nd ed (Basic Books New York 2011)

Stigler G "The Economics of Information" 1961 J Polit Econ 213-225

Susskind R The End of Lawyers? Rethinking the Nature of Legal Services (Oxford University Press Oxford 2010)

Susskind R and Susskind D The Future of the Professions: How Technology will Transform the Work of Human Experts (Oxford University Press Oxford 2015)

Tamanaha BZ "Is Law School Worth the Cost?" 2013 J Leg Ed 173-188

University of Namibia Faculty of Law Prospectus 2018 (UNAM Faculty of Law Windhoek 2018)

Usman DJ et al "An Inquiry on the Affordability of Legal Services and the Appropriateness of Regular Courts for Consumer Redress in Nigeria" 2016 Beijing L Rev 83-94

Wollins K "Outsourcing Legal Services Overseas" 2007 ABA Business Law Today 61

Woolley A and Farrow T "Addressing Access to Justice Through New Legal Service Providers: Opportunities and Challenges" 2016 Texas A&M L Rev 549-579

Zongwe DP International Law in Namibia (Langaa Bamenda 2019)

Zongwe D "The Legal Significance of the Euro Crisis for the Southern African Monetary Union" in Hugo C and du Toit S (eds) Annual Banking Law Update 2020: Recent Legal Developments of Special Interest to Banks (Juta Cape Town 2020) 75-94

Case law

Government of the Republic of Namibia v Mwilima 2002 NR 235 (SC)

Kauesa v Minister of Home Affairs 1994 NR 102 (HC)

Kauesa v Minister of Home Affairs 1995 NR 175 (SC)

Springbok Patrols (Pty) Ltd v Jacobs 2013 NALCMD 17 (31 May 2013)

Stantoll Properties CC v Shiimi 2015 NAHCMD 15 (22 July 2015)

State v Kau 1995 NR 1 (SC)

Legislation

Constitution of Namibia, 1990

Legal Practitioners Act 15 of 1995

Government publications

GN 4 in GG 5392 of 17 January 2014 (Rules of the High Court of Namibia)

GN 564 in GG 5906 of 23 December 2015

Rules Relating to the Conduct of Conciliation and Arbitration Before the Labour Commissioner: Labour Act, 2007

International instruments

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (1994)

Internet sources

Editor 2019 Stop the SOE Madness https://www.namibian.com.na/186617/archive-read/Stop-The-SOE-Madness-FOR-the-better-part-of accessed 14 April 2021

Logan C 2017 Ambitious SDG Goal Confronts Challenging Realities: Access to Justice is Still Elusive for Many Africans - Afrobarometer Policy Paper No 39 https://media.africaportal.org/documents/ab_r6_

policypaperno39_access_to_justice_in_africa_eng.pdf accessed 14 April 2021

Menges W 2008 Legal Aid Battling 'Cash-flow' Problems https://www.namibian.com.na/48477/archive-read/Legal-Aid-battling-cash-flow-problems accessed 14 April 2021

Menges W 2015 Mediation Saving Money and Court Time https://www.namibian.com.na/134524/archive-read/Mediation-saving-money-and-court-time accessed 14 April 2021

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2010 Information Exchanges between Competitors under Competition Law http://www.oecd.org/competition/cartels/48379006.pdf accessed 29 May 2019

Oxford Dictionaries 2018 Unaffordable https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/

definition/unaffordable accessed 26 April 2018

Sieder R and Sierra MT 2010 Indigenous Women's Access to Justice in Latin America - Chr Michelsen Institute Working Paper No 2 https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3880-indigenous-womens-access-to-justice-in-latin.pdf accessed 14 April 2021

Staff Reporter 2017 Namibia Reduces Poverty Levels despite Economic Challenges https://neweralive.na/posts/namibia-reduces-poverty-levels-despite-economic-challenges accessed 14 April 2021

Stephen FH Date Unknown An Economic Perspective on the Regulation of Legal Service Markets http://archive.scottish.parliament.uk/business/

committees/historic/justice1/inquiries-02/j1-lps-pdfs/lps-099.pdf accessed 7 July 2017

Tjatjara B 2019 Justice must have Legs… and Guts https://www.namibian.com.na/184821/archive-read/Justice-Must-Have-Legs-%E2%80%A6-And-Guts accessed 14 April 2021

World Bank 2018 World Bank Open Data: Namibia https://data.worldbank.org/country/namibia accessed 26 April 2018

World Bank 2018 GINI Index (World Bank Estimates): Data https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA accessed 6 May 2018

Other

Law Society of Namibia LSN Survey of Professional Fees 31 October 2017 (on file with the author)

Published

25-05-2021

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Zongwe, D. (2021). Nobody can Really Afford Legal Services: The Price of Justice in Namibia. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 24, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a6420

Similar Articles

1-10 of 1160

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.