Shareholder Oppression as Corporate Conduct Repugnant to Public Policy: Infusing the Concept of Ubuntu in the Interpretation of Section 163 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a10731Keywords:
Corporate governance, shareholder oppression, oppression remedy, ubuntu, contract, public policy, constitutionalismAbstract
The concept of ubuntu continues to exert considerable influence on the development and the general application of post-independence jurisprudence in South Africa. While ubuntu undoubtedly permeates the interpretation of a plethora of contemporary legal disciplines in South Africa, this article contends that the reception of the concept in corporate law remains constrained. Identifying shareholder relationships as an important feature of the corporate firm, the author presents a persuasive case for the infusion of ubuntu and its underlying equity considerations in the interpretation of the oppression remedy which is currently provided under section 163 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. The article discusses the remedy from different legal perspectives which find synchrony in the concept of ubuntu. The contribution adds to emerging legal scholarship advocating the alignment of South African corporate law with constitutional principles.
Downloads
References
Bibliography
Literature
Abbey NA An Insightful Study of the Oppression Remedy under South African and Canadian Corporate Law (LLM-thesis University of Western Ontario 2012)
Alchian A and Demsetz H "Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization" 1972 Am Econ Rev 777-795
Allen T The Right to Property in Commonwealth Constitutions (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2000)
Anyadiegwu OH Minority Shareholder Remedies in Corporate Law (LLM mini-thesis University of British Columbia 1991)
Armour J "Shareholder Rights" 2020 Oxford Review of Economic Policy 314-340
Atanasov V, Black B and Ciccotello C "Law and Tunneling" 2011 J Corp L 1-49
Bachmann G et al Regulating the Close Corporation (De Gruyter Berlin 2014)
Bahls SC "Resolving Shareholder Dissension: Selection of the Appropriate Equitable Remedy" 1990 J Corp L 285-338
Berle AA and Means GC The Modern Corporation and Private Property (Transaction Publishers New Brunswick 1932)
Biney A "The Historical Discourse on African Humanism: Interrogating the Paradoxes" in Praeg L and Magadla S Ubuntu: Curating the Archive (University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzburg 2014) 27-54
Brand FDJ "The Role of Good Faith, Equity and Fairness in the South African Law of Contract: The Influence of the Common Law and the Constitution" 2009 SALJ 71-90
Cassim F et al Contemporary Company Law (Juta Cape Town 2012)
Chiu IHY "The Meaning of Share Ownership and the Governance Role of Shareholder Activism in the United Kingdom" 2008-2009 Rich J Global L & Bus 117-160
Christiansen E "Transformative Constitutionalism in South Africa: Creative Uses of Constitutional Court Authority to Advance Substantive Law" 2010 J Gender Race & Just 575-614
Coase R "The Nature of the Firm" 1937 Economica 386-405
Cohen Z "Fiduciary Duties of Controlling Shareholders" 1991 U Pa J Int'l Bus L 379-410
Committee of Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance (The Committee London 1992)
Davies P et al Gower's Principles of Modern Company Law 8th ed (Sweet and Maxwell London 2008)
Davis D "Pre 1937 Economica ivate Law after 1994: Progressive Development or Schizoid Confusion?" 2008 SAJHR 318-329
Delport P et al Henochsberg on the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (LexisNexis Butterworths Durban 2011)
Department of Trade and Industry Guidelines for Corporate Law Reform (DTI Pretoria 2004)
Dugar RK "Minority Shareholders Buying out Majority Shareholders" 2010 NLSIR 105-110
Dunne D "The Position of Quasi-Partnership Type Private Company in Irish Law" 2004 JSIJ 108-143
Du Plessis H "Harmonising Legal Values and uBuntu: The Quest for Social Justice in the South African Common Law of Contract" 2019 PELJ 1-25
Esser E Recognition of Various Stakeholder Interests in Company Management (LLD-thesis University of South Africa 2008)
Freeman RE, Wicks AC and Harrison JS Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation and Success (Yale University Press New Haven 2007)
Freeman RE, Wicks AC and Harrison JS Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2010)
Freeman RE, Zyglidopoulos S and Harrison JS Strategic Management: Stakeholder Approach (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2018)
Friedman M Capitalism and Freedom (University of Chicago Press Chicago 1962)
Friedman M "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits" 1970 The New York Times Magazine 1-6
Gamble A and Kelly G "Shareholder Value and the Stakeholder Debate in the UK" 2001 Corporate Governance 110-117
Garza JJ "Rethinking Corporate Governance: The Role of Minority Shareholders – A Comparative Study" 1999-2000 St Mary's LJ 615-642
Gower LCB Modern Company Law 2nd ed (Stevens London 1957)
Griggs L and Snell R "Natural Justice: An Alternative Ground for Intervention in Corporate Decision Making?" 1994 QUTLJ 22-34
Hage M A Stakeholders Concern: Towards an Economic Theory on Stakeholder Governance (Van Gorcum Assen 2007)
Himonga C, Taylor M and Pope A "Reflections on Judicial Views of Ubuntu" 2013 PELJ 372-424
Hutchison A "Good Faith in Contract: A Uniquely South African Perspective" 2019 Journal of Commonwealth Law 227-271
Ikhariale M.A "The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectations: Prospects and Problems in Constitutional Litigation in South Africa" 2001 J Afr L 1-12
Institute of Directors in South Africa King II Report on Corporate Governance (IoDSA Sandton 2000)
Institute of Directors in South Africa King II Report on Corporate Governance (IoDSA Sandton 2016)
Jensen MC and Meckling WH "Theory of the Firm: Management Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure" 1976 JFE 305-360
Johnson S et al "Tunneling" 2000 Am Econ Rev 22-27
Keevy I "Ubuntu versus the Core Values of the South African Constitution" in Praeg L and Magadla S Ubuntu: Curating the Archive (University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzburg 2014) 54-96
Letseka M "Ubuntu and Justice as Fairness" 2014 MJSS 544-551
Mallin C Corporate Governance 2nd ed (Oxford University Press Oxford 2007)
Mäntysaari P The Law of Corporate Finance: General Principles and EU Law: Volume I: Cash Flow, Risk, Agency, Information (Springer Berlin 2010)
Means A "A Contractual Approach to Shareholder Oppression Law" 2011 Fordham L Rev 1161-1211
Metz T "Toward an African Moral Theory" 2007 Journal of Political Philosophy 321-341
Miller SK "Should the Definition of Oppressive Conduct by Majority Shareholders Exclude a Consideration of Ethical Conduct and Business Purpose?" 1992-1993 Dick L Rev 227-254
Miller SK "How should UK and US Minority Shareholder Remedies for Unfairly Prejudicial or Oppressive Conduct be Reformed?" 1999 Am Bus LJ 579-632
Mokgoro Y "Ubuntu and the Law in South Africa" 1998 PELJ 1-11
Mokgoro Y "Ubuntu as a Legal Principle in an Ever-Changing World" in Diedrich F (ed) Ubuntu, Good Faith and Equality: Flexible Legal Principles in Developing Contemporary Jurisprudence (Juta Cape Town 2011) ch 1
Mongalo T Corporate Law and Corporate Governance: A Global Picture of Business Undertakings in South Africa (New Africa Education Claremont 2003)
Morojane T "The Binding Effect of the Constitutive Documents of the 1973 and 2008 Companies Acts of South Africa" 2010 PELJ 171-189
Mostert H et al The Principles of the Law of Property in South Africa (Oxford University Press Cape Town 2010)
Munyaka M and Motlhabi M "Ubuntu and its Socio-Moral Significance" in Murove FM (ed) African Ethics: An Anthology of Comparative and Applied Ethics (University of KwaZulu-Natal University Press Scottsville 2009) 63-84
Mupangavanhu B "Yet another Missed Opportunity to Develop the Common Law of Contract? An Analysis of Everfresh Market Virginia (Pty) Ltd v Shoprite Checkers (Pty) Ltd [2011] ZACC 30" 2013 Speculum Juris 149-171
Mupangavanhu Y "Fairness as a Slippery Concept: The Common Law of Contract and the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008" 2015 De Jure 116-135
Ndiweni E "Towards a Theoretical Framework of Corporate Governance: Perspectives from Southern Africa" in Tsamenyi M and Uddin S (eds) Corporate Governance in Less Developed and Developed Economies (Emerald Bingley 2008) 335-357
Neethling J, Knobel JC and Potgieter J Law of Delict 7th ed (LexisNexis Durban 2015)
Nicolaides A "Utilizing Ubuntu to Inform Chief Executive Officer Thinking on Corporate Social Responsibility and Codes of Ethics in Businesses" 2014 J Soc Sci 17-25
Njoya W Property in Work: The Employment Relationship in the Anglo-American Firm (Ashgate Aldershot 2007)
Nussbaum B "African Culture and Ubuntu: Reflections of a South African in America" 2003 Perspectives 1-12
O'Neal H "Oppression of Minority Shareholders: Protecting Minority Rights" 1987 Clev St L Rev 121-146
Quinot G "Transformative Legal Education" 2012 SALJ 411-432
Riley CA "Contracting Out of Company Law: Section 459 of the Companies Act 1985 and the Role of the Courts" 1992 MLR 782-802
Rossouw GJ, Van der Walt A and Malan DP "Corporate Governance in South Africa" 2002 Journal of Business Ethics 289-302
Talagala CS "The Scope of the Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation as a Ground for Judicial Review of Administrative Action" 2009 Bar Association Law Journal 1-17
Thomas R Legitimate Expectations and Proportionality in Administrative Law (Hart Oxford 2000)
Van der Walt A.J Property and Constitution (PULP Pretoria 2012)
Van der Walt AJ and Pienaar GJ Introduction to the Law of Property (Juta Cape Town 2016)
Valesco J "Shareholder Ownership and Primacy" 2010 U Ill L Rev 897-956
Valesco J "The Fundamental Rights of the Shareholder" 2006-2007 UC Davis L Rev 407-468
Vutt M "Systematics of Shareholder Remedies: Origins and Developments" 2010 Juridica International 188-198
Case law
Absa Bank Limited v Eagle Creek Investments 490 (Pty) Limited 2014 ZAWCHC 81 (28 May 2014)
Ackerman v United Cricket Board 2004 25 ILJ 353 (CCMA)
Afriforum v Malema 2011 6 SA 240 (EqC)
Alvillar v National Union of Mineworkers 1999 20 ILJ 419 (CCMA)
Aspek Pipe Co Ltd v Mauerberger 1968 1 SA 517 (C)
Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34
Barkhuizen v Napier 2007 5 SA 323 (CC)
Barnard v Carl Greaves Brokers (Pty) Ltd 2008 3 SA 663 (C)
Ben-Tovim v Ben-Tovim 2001 3 SA 1074 (C)
Bhe v Magistrate Khayelitsha 2004 2 SA 544 (C)
Bradbury v English Sewing Cotton Co Ltd [1923] AC 744 (HL)
Brink v Mampundi Mining (Pty) Ltd 2003 5 SA 221 (T)
Brown v British Abrasive Wheel Co Ltd [1919] 1 Ch 290
City of Johannesburg v Rand Properties (Pty) Ltd 2006 6 BCLR 728 (W)
Cooper v Boyes 1994 4 SA 521 (C)
De Villiers v Kapela Holdings (Pty) Ltd 2016 ZAGPJHC 278 (14 October 2016)
Dikoko v Mokhatla Dikoko v Mokhatla 2006 ZACC 10 (3 August 2006); 2006 6 SA 235 (CC)
Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd [1973] AC 360
Eerste Nasionale Bank van Suidelike Afrika Bpk v Saayman 1997 4 SA 302 (SCA)
Elder v Elder & Watson 1952 SC 49
Etkind v Hicor Trading Ltd 1999 1 SA 111 (W)
Everfresh Market Virginia (Pty) v Shoprite Checkers (Pty) Ltd 2011 1 SA 256 (CC)
Financial Mail (Pty) Ltd v Sage Holdings Ltd 1993 2 SA 451 (A)
Fulton v Callahanyn 621 So 2d 1235 (Ala 1993)
Gatenbay v Gatenbay 1996 3 SA 118 (E)
Gien v Gien 1979 2 SA 1113 (T)
Grancy Properties Limited v Manala 2013 3 All SA 111 (SCA)
Gundelfinger v African Textile Manufacturers Ltd 1939 AD 314
Jajbhay v Cassim 1939 AD 537
Janit v Motor Industry Fund Administrators (Pty) Ltd 1995 4 SA 293 (A)
Livanos v Swartberg 1962 4 SA 395 (W)
Makate v Vodacom (Pty) Ltd 2016 4 SA 121 (CC)
Manong & Associates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2007 4 All SA 1452 (C)
Maritime Industries Trade Union of South Africa v Portnet 2000 21 ILJ 2519 (CCMA)
Marshall v Marshall (Pty) Ltd 1954 3 SA 571 (N)
McMillan v Pott 2011 1 SA 511 (WCC)
NR Murty v Industrial Development Corporation (1977) 47 Comp Cas 389 Orissa
Omar v Inhouse Venue Technical Management (Pty) Ltd 2015 3 SA 146 (WCC)
O'Neill v Phillips (1991) 1 WLR 1092
Pender v Lushington (1977) 6 ChD 70
Price Waterhouse Coopers Inc v National Potato Co-operative Ltd 2004 6 SA 66 (SCA)
Rates Action Group v City of Cape Town 2004 12 BCLR 1328 (C)
Re Cumana Ltd (1986) 2 BCC 99 453
Re Full Cup International Trading Ltd [1995] BCC 682
Re Little Olympian Each Ways Ltd (No 3) [1995] 1 BCLC 636
Re London School of Electronics Ltd [1986] Ch 211
Re Saul & Sons 1995 1 BCLC 14
Russell v Northern Bank Development Corporation [1992] 1 WLR 588 (HL)
Sammel v President Brand Gold Mining Co Ltd 1969 3 SA 629 (A)
Sasfin (Pty) Ltd v Beukes 1989 1 SA 1 (A)
Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd v Meyer [1959] AC 324
South African Broadcasting Corporation Limited v Mpofu 2009 4 All SA 169 (GSJ)
South African Rugby Players Association on behalf of Bands v South African Rugby (Pty) Ltd 2005 26 ILJ 176 (CCMA)
Tigon Ltd v Bestyet Investments (Pty) Ltd 2001 4 SA 634 (N)
Wambo Coal (Pty) Ltd v Sumiseki Materials Co Ltd [2014] NSWCA 326
Wood v Odessa Waterworks Co (1889) 42 ChD 636
Legislation
Companies Act 61 of 1973
Companies Act, 1985 (UK)
Companies Act 71 of 2008
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
Internet sources
Armour J 2005 The Proprietary Foundations of Corporate Law http://www.cbr.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/centre-for-business-research/downloads/working-papers/wp299.pdf accessed 1 February 2021
Johansen LA 2015 African Solutions to African Intergroup Conflicts: Ubuntu and Humiliation http://www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/Johaansen ProjectDescriptionUbuntu.pdf accessed 1 February 2021
The Law Dictionary Date Unknown Public Policy https://dictionary.thelaw.com/public-policy/ accessed 1 February 2021
Kriebaum U and Schreuer S 2007 The Concept of Property in Human Rights Law and International Investment Law http://www.univie.ac.at/intlaw/word press/pdf/88_concept_property.pdf accessed 1 February 2021
Shkolnikov A 2006 Protecting Minority Shareholders in Emerging Markets http://www.mafhoum.com/press10/290E19.pdf accessed 1 February 2021
Walton M 2007 Corporate Governance and Agency Problems: Consequences for Efficiency and Equity http://www.michaelwalton.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Corporate-governance-and-agency.pdf accessed 1 February 2021
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Aubrey Sibanda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.