Challenges Surrounding the Adjudication of Women's Rights in Relation to Customary Law and Practices in Tanzania
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a5012Keywords:
Customary law and practice, women's rights, human rights, judicial enforcement, TanzaniaAbstract
Women's rights litigation has produced varied outcomes in many African countries. Although courts have looked at the legislation that discriminates against women with different degrees of success, matters such as tradition and culture continue to be unpredictable when subject to lawsuit. In Tanzania, the judiciary has gradually begun to recognise that discrimination on a prescribed ground cannot be justified. However, this principle has not blocked some judges from maintaining that gender discrimination based on customary rules can still be justified, despite the existence of internal, regional and national human rights law, which prohibits it. It is contended that the judiciary has a significant role to play in ensuring that customary law and harmful traditional practices are reformed and advanced to comply with human rights legislation and ensure equality between men and women in Tanzania.
Downloads
References
Bibliography
Literature
AWID Maputo Protocol 10 Years
Association for Women's Rights in Development Maputo Protocol 10 Years: How can it be used to End Child Marriage? (AWID Toronto 2013)
Chinkin "Women, Rights of, International Protection"
Chinkin C "Women, Rights of, International Protection" in Wolfrum R (ed) The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press Oxford 2012) 891-900
Chirwa and Chwenwi Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Chirwa DM and Chwenwi L The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Africa: International, Regional and National Perspectives (Cambridge University Press New York 2016)
Eide "Making Human Rights Universal"
Eide A "Making Human Rights Universal in the Age of Economic Globalisation" in Von Schorlemer S (ed) Praxishandbuch UNO: Die Vereinten Nationen im Lichte globaler Herausforderungen (Springer Berlin (2003) 241-262
Ezer 2006 Geo J Gender & L
Ezer T "Inheritance Law in Tanzania: The Impoverishment of Widows and Daughters" 2006 Geo J Gender & L 599-658
International Commission of Jurists Women and the Judiciary
International Commission of Jurists Women and the Judiciary: Materials Relating to the 2013 Geneva Forum of Judges and Lawyers Convened by the International Commission of Jurists (International Commission of Jurists Geneva 2014)
Hunter 2001 J L & Pol'y
Hunter ND "The Sex Discrimination Argument in Gay Rights Cases" 2001 J L & Pol'y 397-416
Kamanga "International Human Rights Law"
Kamanga K "International Human Rights Law as Reflected in Tanzania's Treaty and Court Practice" in Binchy W and Finnegan C (eds) Human Rights, Constitutionalism and the Judiciary: Tanzanian and Irish Perspectives (Clarus Press Dublin 2006) 53-70
Kapama and Msuya Tanzania Daily News
Kapama F and Msuya A "Law of Marriage Act for Review, Affirms Prof Kabudi" Tanzania Daily News (13 April 2018) 1
Kijokisimba and Chris Justice and Rule of Law in Tanzania
Kijokisimba H and Chris P Justice and Rule of Law in Tanzania: Selected Judgments and Writings of Justice James L Mwalusanya and Commentaries (LHRC Dar es Salaam 2005)
Killander International Law
Killander M International Law and Domestic Human Rights Litigation in Africa (Pretoria University Law Press Pretoria 2010)
Mhagama Tanzania Daily News
Mhagama H "Tanzania: Network Asks Government to Rethink Decision on Early Child Marriages" Tanzania Daily News (5 August 2016) 2
Mnunuo "Legal Implications of Professional Associations"
Mnunuo J "Legal Implications of Professional Associations" Paper presented at the International Congress and Convention Association Conference (2014 Maputo)
Msuya Harmful Cultural and Traditional Practices
Msuya NH Harmful Cultural and Traditional Practices: A Roadblock in the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women and the Maputo Protocol on Women's Rights in Tanzania (PhD-thesis University of KwaZulu-Natal 2017)
Msuya Tanzania's Obligation under International Human Rights Treaties
Msuya NH Tanzania's Obligation under International Human Rights Treaties: A Case Study of Women and Children's Rights (LLM-dissertation University of Dar es Salaam 2010)
Mwakyembe Hansard
Mwakyembe HG, Member of Parliament in the United Republic of Tanzania Parliamentary Debate (Hansard) National Assembly Official Report, 11th meeting sitting from 6-19 April 2008
Ndulo 2011 Ind J Global Legal Studies
Ndulo M "African Customary Law, Customs and Women's Rights" 2011 Ind J Global Legal Studies 87-120
OHCHR Gender Stereotyping
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Commissioned Report: Gender Stereotyping as a Human Rights Violation (OHCHR Geneva 2013)
Peter Human Rights in Tanzania
Peter CM Human Rights in Tanzania: Selected Cases and Materials (Rüdiger Köpppe Köln 1997)
Reid "Trouble with Tradition"
Reid G "The Trouble with Tradition when Value Tramples over Rights" in Human Rights Watch World Report 2012 (Human Rights Watch New York 2012) 20-29
Shivji 1991 J Afr L
Shivji I "Contradictory Developments in the Teaching and Practice of Human Rights Law in Tanzania" 1991 J Afr L 116-127
TAWJA Stopping the Abuse of Power
Tanzania Women Judges Association Stopping the Abuse of Power for Purposes of Sexual Exploitation: Naming, Shaming and Ending Sextortion (TAWJA Dar es Salaam 2012)
TAWLA Position Paper on Gender Mainstreaming
Tanzania Women Lawyers Association Position Paper on Gender Mainstreaming of the Constitution Review Process of Tanzania (TAWLA Dar es Salaam 2013)
UN Women's Rights are Human Rights
United Nations Women's Rights are Human Rights (United Nations New York 2014)
United Republic of Tanzania Judiciary Consolidated Annual Statistics Report
United Republic of Tanzania Judiciary Consolidated Annual Statistics Report of the Judiciary of Tanzania 2008-2009 (United Republic of Tanzania Dar es Salaam 2009)
Case law
Attorney General v WK Butambala 1993 TLR 46
Bernardo Ephrahim v Holaria Pastory (High Court of Tanzania at Mwanza) (unreported) Civil Appeal number 70/1989
Bi Hawa Mohamed v Ally Sefu 1983 TLR 32
Elizabeth Stephen v AG (High Court of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Miscellaneous Civil Case number 82/2005
ES & SC v United Republic of Tanzania UN Doc CEDAW/C/60/D/48/2013 Communication No 48/2013
Laurence Mtefu v Germana Mtefu (High Court of Tanzania, at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Civil Appeal number 214/2000
Leila Jalaludin Haji Jamal v Sharif Jalaudin Haji (Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Civil Appeal number 55/2003
Leonard Jonadhan v R (High Court of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Criminal Appeal number 53/2001
Maagwi Kinito v Gibeno Warema (Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam) unreported) Civil Appeal number 20/1984
Mwajuma Mohamed Njopeka v Juma Said Mkorogoro (High Court of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Civil Appeal number 6/2001
Naftal Joseph Kalalu v Angela Mashirima (High Court of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Civil Appeal number 145/2001
Ndewawiosia Ndeamtzo v Emannuel Malasia (High Court of Tanzania, Civil Appeal) (unreported) Civil Appeal number 80/1966
Ndossi v Ndossi (High Court of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Civil Appeal number 13/2001
Rebeca Gyumi v AG (High Court of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam Main Registry) (unreported) Miscellaneous Civil Case number 5/2016
Rubuka Nteme v Bi Jalia Hassan (Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Mwanza) (unreported) Civil Case number 19/1986
Scholastica Benedict v Martine Benedict 1993 TLR 1
Tinkazaile Katalihwa v Halima Balthazar Ngaiza (High Court of Tanzania, Land Division at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Land Appeal number 8/2006
Transport Equipment Ltd and Reginald John Nolad v Devran P Valambhia (Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam) (unreported) Civil Application 19/1993
Legislation
Basic Rights and Duties Enforcement Act Cap 3 RE 2002
Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 (as amended from time to time)
Judicature and Application of Laws Act Cap 358 of 1920
Law of Marriage Act 5 of 1971
Law of the Child Act 21 of 2009
Local Customary Law Declaration Order 436 of 1963
International instruments
African Charter on Human and People's Rights (1981)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979)
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Internet sources
Parsons and McCleary-Sills 2014 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/224441468147543361/Preventing-child-marriage-lessons-from-World-Bank-Group-gender-impact-evaluations
Parsons J and McCleary-Sills J 2014 Preventing Child Marriage: Lessons from World Bank Group Gender Impact Evaluations http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/224441468147543361/Preventing-child-marriage-lessons-from-World-Bank-Group-gender-impact-evaluations accessed 4 April 2019
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Norah Hashim Msuya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.