Cave Pecuniam: Lawyers as Launderers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i5a2520Keywords:
trust account, attorneys, money laundering, FICA, confidentiality, legal professional privilege, reporting obligations, cash threshold, suspicious transaction, tipping offAbstract
The attorney’s trust account is an enticing prospect for criminals seeking ways to launder money acquired illegally, and the attorney whose trust account is abused in this way stands to be branded and punished as a money launderer. The overall aim of the article is to identify the dangers which money launderers pose to attorneys and to highlight the need for vigilance in the face of these dangers. It analyses the anti-money laundering reporting obligations imposed on attorneys by the Financial Intelligence Centre Act and considers impact of these obligations upon the attorney-client relationship. Some of the ways in which a law practice may become implicated in the placement, layering and integration stages of the money laundering process are discussed, and cases which deal with attorneys’ involvement in money laundering schemes are presented.
Downloads
References
Bibliography
Bussenius 2004 German LJ
Bussenius A "Money Laundering by Defence Counsel - The Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court" 2004 German Law Journal 1045-1055
De Koker "Money Laundering in South Africa"
De Koker L "Money Laundering in South Africa" in Goredema C (ed) Profiling Money Laundering in Eastern and Southern Africa (Institute for Security Studies Pretoria 2003)
FATF Mutual Evaluation Report
Financial Action Task Force Mutual Evaluation Report by Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (Paris FATF 2009)
FATF Recommendations
FATF International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism & Proliferation - FATF Recommendations (Paris FATF 2012)
FATF Report on Money Laundering Typologies
Financial Action Task Force Report on Money Laundering Typologies 2000-2001 (Paris FATF 2001)
Hinterseer 1997 JMLC
Hinterseer K "An Economic Analysis of Money Laundering" 1997 JMLC 154-163
Hugel and Kelly 2002 JMLC
Hugel P and Kelly J "Internet Gambling, Credit Cards and Money Laundering" 2002 JMLC 57-65
Itsikowitz "Legal Professional Privilege"
Itsikowitz A "Legal Professional Privilege/Intermediary Confidentiality: The Challenge for Anti-Money Laundering Measures" in Goredema C (ed) Money Laundering Experiences (Institute for Security Studies Pretoria 2006)
Joyce 2001 JMLC
Joyce BP "E-diligence: Money Laundering Risks in the Electronic Arena" 2001 JMLC 146-149
Lewis Legal Ethics
Lewis E Legal Ethics: A Guide to Professional Conduct for South African Attorneys (Juta Cape Town 1982)
Madinger Money Laundering
Madinger J Money Laundering: A Guide for Criminal Investigators 3rd ed (CRC Press Boca Raton, Fl 2011)
Nel Conveyancing
Nel H Jones: Conveyancing in South Africa 4th ed (Juta Kenwyn 1991)
Phillippsohn 2001 JMLC
Phillippsohn S "The Dangers of New Technology-Laundering on the Internet" 2001 JMLC 87-95
Ping 2004 JMLC
Ping HE "New Trends in Money Laundering - From the Real World to Cyberspace" 2004 JMLC 48-55
Richards Transnational Criminal Organizations
Richards J Transnational Criminal Organizations, Cybercrime, and Money Laundering (CRC Press Boca Raton, Fl 1999)
Shepherd 2002 Probate & Property
Shepherd K "USA Patriot Act: Surprising Implications for Transactional Lawyers" 2002 Probate & Property Sep 26-30
Van der Westhuizen 2004 De Rebus (1)
Van der Westhuizen M "Interpreting Section 29 and the Obligation to Report: Part 1" 2004 De Rebus Apr 37-38
Van der Westhuizen 2004 De Rebus (2)
Van der Westhuizen M "Interpreting Section 29 and the Obligation to Report: Part 2" 2004 De Rebus May 37-38
Van Jaarsveld 2004 SA Merc LJ
Van Jaarsveld IL "Following the Money across Cyber Highways: A Herculean Task or International Challenge? Some Thoughts on Money Laundering on the Internet" 2004 SA Merc LJ 685-694
Weatherford History of Money
Weatherford J The History of Money (Three Rivers Press New York 1997)
Register of cases
Hirschowitz Flionis v Bartlett 2006 3 SA 575 (SCA)
Pillay v S [2004]1 All SA 61 (SCA)
S v Hattingh, Unreported, Bloemfontein Regional Court, Case Number 17/518/10
S v Price 2003 2 SACR 551 (SCA)
S v Rossouw, Unreported, Wynberg Regional Court, Case Number B1679/09 (SHD163/09)
Register of legislation
Attorneys Act 53 of 1979
Code of Laws of the United States of America (United States Code)
Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997
Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977
Deeds Registries Act 47 of 1937
Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 0f 2001
Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998
Protection of Constitutional Democracy against Terrorism and Related Activities Act 33 of 2004
Register of international instruments
United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003)
United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988)
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (2000)
African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (2003)
Register of Internet sources
FATF 2009 www.fatf-gafi.org
Financial Action Task Force 2009 Members and Observers: South Africa www.fatf-gafi.org/countries/s-t/southafrica/ [date of use 18 Jun 2012]
FIC 2001 www.fic.gov.za
Financial Intelligence Centre 2001 Regulations in terms of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act www.fic.gov.za/DownloadContent/RESOURCES/GUIDELINES/regulations.pdf
[date of use 22 Nov 2012]
FIC 2010 www.fic.gov.za
Financial Intelligence Centre 2010 Guidance Note 05 on Section 28 of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, Act 38 of 2001 www.fic.gov.za/DownloadContent/GuidanceNotes/Guidance%20Note%205.pdf [date of use 25 Jun 2012]
FIC 2012 www.fic.gov.za
Financial Intelligence Centre 2012 Consultation Document Relating to the Commencement of Section 31 of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 as Amended www.fic.gov.za/DownloadContent/NEWS/PRESSRELEASE/s31%20implementation-consultation%20document%20for%20website-mar2012.pdf [date of use 25 Jun 2012]
Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope 2007 www.capelawsoc.law.za
Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope 2007 Rules of the Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope www.capelawsoc.law.za/docs/Clsrules2007.pdf
[date of use 26 Jun 2012]
Law Society of the Northern Provinces 2012 www.northernlaw.co.za
Law Society of the Northern Provinces 2012 Rules of Law Society of the Northern Provinces www.northernlaw.co.za/images/stories/files/rulings/LSNP_RULES._AS_PER_23_FEB_2012.pdf [date of use 26 Jun 2012]
LAWPRO 2003 www.practicepro.ca
LAWPRO 2003 Respecting the "Trust" in Trust Account www.practicepro.ca/LAWPROMag/march2003_trusts.pdf [date of use 18 Jun 2012]
Mabanga and Pile 2008 secure.financialmail.co.za
Mabanga T and Pile J 2008 Crackdown on Dirty Money secure.financialmail.co.za/08/0530/moneyinvest/bmoney.htm [date of use 18 Jun 2012]
Moodley 2008 repository.up.ac.za
Moodley M 2008 The Extent and Security Implications of Money Laundering in South Africa repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/8679/Moodley_Extent%282008%29.pdf?sequence=1 [date of use 27 Jun 2012]
Stuurman 2010 www.publiceyenews.com
Stuurman J 2010 Property Schemer up for Sentencing www.publiceyenews.com/2010/11/05/property-schemer-up-for-sentencing/ [date of use 18 Jun 2012]
Van Rooyen 2010 www.volksblad.com
Van Rooyen M 2010 Juan Hattingh Skuldig Bevind oor R55 m http://www.volksblad.com/Suid-Afrika/Nuus/Juan-Hattingh-skuldig-bevind-oor-R55-m-20100527 [date of use 25 Jun 2012]
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Abraham Hamman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.