Examining the Application of Deterrence in Sentencing in Malawi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1167Keywords:
Sentencing, Deterrence, Punishment, MalawiAbstract
This article is an exposition of the application of deterrence in Malawian sentencing jurisprudence. Drawing from case law, it explores how courts employed deterrence before 1994 and the role deterrence continues to play in the constitutional era. The paper looks at how it is reflected in the treatment of sentencing factors and influences sentencing policy. It also considers how courts have conceptualised the distinction between specific and general deterrence regarding the principle of proportionality and repeat offenders. The paper concludes with a discussion of an emerging attempt to go beyond deterrence towards giving rehabilitation a greater role in sentencing.
Downloads
References
Literature
Andenaes Punishment and Deterrence
Andenaes J Punishment and Deterrence (Michigan University Press Ann Arbour 1974)
Apel and Nagin "General Deterrence"
Apel R and Nagin DS "General Deterrence: A Review of Recent Evidence" in Wilson JQ and Petersilia J (eds) Crime and Public Policy (Oxford University Press New York 2011) 411-436
Bentham "Comment on the Commentaries"
Bentham J "A Comment on the Commentaries and a Fragment on Government" (edited by Burns JH and Hart HLA) in The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham (Oxford University Press London 1977)
Bentham Principles of Morals and Legislation
Bentham J An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (edited by Burns JH and Hart HLA) (Methuen London 1982)
Bykvist Utilitarianism
Bykvist K Utilitarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed (Continuum International London 2010)
Cavadino and Dignan Penal System
Cavadino M and Dignan J The Penal System: An Introduction (SAGE London 2002)
Chirwa Human Rights under the Malawian Constitution
Chirwa DM Human Rights under the Malawian Constitution (Juta Cape Town 2011)
Christopher 2002 NWULR
Christopher RL "Deterring Retributivism: The Injustice of 'Just' Punishment" 2002 Northwestern University Law Review 843-976
Fox and Freiberg Sentencing
Fox R and Freiberg A Sentencing: State and Federal Law in Victoria (Oxford University Press Oxford 2001)
Geerken and Gove 1975 Law & Soc'y Rev
Geerken MR and Gove WR "Deterrence: Some Theoretical Considerations" 1975 Law & Soc'y Rev 497-513
Gumboh 2017 JAL
Gumboh E "A Critical Analysis of Life Imprisonment in Malawi" 2017 JAL 443-466
Hospers Human Conduct
Hospers J Human Conduct: An Introduction to the Problems of Ethics (Thomson Learning New York 1961)
Kant "Penal Law and the Law of Pardon"
Kant I "The Penal Law and the Law of Pardon" in Tonry M (ed) Why Punish? How Much? A Reader on Punishment (Oxford University Press Oxford 2010) 31-36
Maestro Cesare Beccaria
Maestro MT Cesare Beccaria and the Origins of Penal Reform (Temple University Press Philadelphia 1973)
Malawi Judiciary Magistrate's Court Sentencing Guidelines
Malawi Judiciary Magistrate's Court Sentencing Guidelines (unpublished 2007)
Marsh, Cochrane and Melville Criminal Justice
Marsh I, Cochrane J and Melville G Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice (Routledge London 2004)
Terblanche Guide to Sentencing
Terblanche SS Guide to Sentencing in South Africa (LexisNexis Durban 2009)
Van Den Haag 1982 J Crim L & Criminology
Van Den Haag E "Could Successful Rehabilitation Reduce the Crime Rate?" 1982 J Crim L & Criminology 1022-1035
Wasik Emmins on Sentencing
Wasik J Emmins on Sentencing (Blackstone London 1998)
Zimring Perspectives on Deterrence
Zimring FE Perspectives on Deterrence (National Institute of Mental Health Washington 1971)
Case law
Banda v Rep [1990] 13 MLR 56 (SCA)
Banda v Rep Criminal Appeal No 221 of 2009 (HC)
Bwanali v R [1964-1966] 3 ALR Mal 329 (HC)
Chief Public Prosecutor v Nkosi [1990] 13 MLR 97 (HC)
Chitsonga v Rep [1995] 1 MLR 86 (HC)
Dandaula v Rep Criminal Appeal No 11 of 2008 (HC)
Daukire v Rep Criminal Appeal No 148 of 2004 (HC)
John v Rep Criminal Appeal No 131 of 1975 (HC)
Kafkaris v Cyprus [2008] ECtHR
Kalambo v Rep Criminal Appeal No 199 of 1975 (HC)
Kamil v Rep [1973-1974] 7 MLR 169 (SCA)
Kanyinji v Rep Criminal Appeal No 116 of 2008 (HC)
Kapolo v Rep Criminal Appeal No 82 of 2007 (HC)
Kumwenda v Rep (1993) 16(1) MLR 233 (SCA)
Lobo v Rep Criminal Appeal No 110 of 2008 (HC)
Lusale v Rep Criminal Case No 141 of 2005 (HC)
Maikolo v R [1964-1966] 3 ALR Mal 584 (SCA)
Makanjira v Rep Criminal Appeal No 67 of 2007 (HC)
Makawa v Rep Criminal Appeal No 196 of 1975 (HC)
Maniote v Rep [1984-1986] 11 ALR Mal 174 (HC)
Masangano v Attorney General Constitutional Case No 15 of 2007 (HC)
Mbekeani v Rep Criminal Appeal No 48 of 2006 (HC)
Millo v Rep Criminal Appeal No 30 of 2000 (HC)
Moses v Rep Confirmation Case No 140 of 2011 (HC)
Mpondamwala v Rep [1984-1986] 11 ALR Mal 306 (HC)
Mtanga v Rep Criminal Appeal No 15 of 1998 (HC)
Mtetera v Rep Criminal Appeal No 88 of 2005 (HC)
Mulewa v Rep [1997] 2 MLR 60 (HC)
Mussa v Rep Criminal Appeal No 44 of 1995 (HC)
Mwachilira v Rep Criminal Appeal Case No 86 of 2006 (HC)
Nani v Rep Criminal Appeal No 1 of 2011 (HC)
Patel v S Criminal Appeal No 81 of 2007 (HC)
R v Curran 57 Cr App R 945
R v Robert [1961-1963] 2 ALR Mal 291 (HC)
R v White [1923-1960] 1 ALR Mal 401 (HC)
R v Zagwa [1923-1960] 1 ALR Mal 415 (HC)
Rendall-Day v Rep [1966-1968] 4 ALR Mal 155 (HC)
Rep v Adam Confirmation Case No 500 of 1995 (HC)
Rep v Akishoni Confirmation Case No 196 of 1997 (HC)
Rep v Alick Confirmation Case No 725 of 2000 (HC)
Rep v Asidi Confirmation Case No 955 of 1999 (HC)
Rep v Assam Confirmation Case No 907 of 2008 (HC)
Rep v Austin Confirmation Case No 1222 of 2003 (HC)
Rep v Banda [1984-1986] 11 ALR Mal (HC)
Rep v Banda Confirmation Case No 633 of 1999 (HC)
Rep v Bayani Confirmation Case No 11 of 2000 (HC)
Rep v Chavula Criminal Appeal No 93 of 2005 (HC)
Rep v Chikwana Confirmation Case No 131 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Chilenje [1996] MLR 361 (HC)
Rep v Chimbelenga [1996] MLR 342 (HC)
Rep v Chinthiti (2) [1997] 1 MLR 70 (HC)
Rep v Chirwa Confirmation Case No 271 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Chitseko Confirmation Case No 78 of 1997 (HC)
Rep v Chizenga Confirmation Case No 297 of 2008 (HC)
Rep v Chizumila [1994] MLR 288 (HC)
Rep v Domingo Confirmation Case No 850 of 1990 (HC)
Rep v Eneya Criminal Case No 53 of 2003 (HC)
Rep v Foster Confirmation Case No 1690 of 2005 (HC)
Rep v Gwaza [1995] 2 MLR 752 (HC)
Rep v Harry [1997] 1 MLR 119 (HC)
Rep v Harry [1997] 2 MLR 74 (HC)
Rep v Havula [1991] 14 MLR 429 (HC)
Rep v Headson Confirmation Case No 129 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Iddi Confirmation Case No 48 of 1998 (HC)
Rep v Jali Confirmation Case No 228 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v James Confirmation Case No 244 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Jeke Confirmation Case No 178B of 2013 (HC)
Rep v John Confirmation Case No 528 of 2010 (HC)
Rep v Josephy Confirmation Case No 261 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Jumbe Criminal Appeal No 565 of 2008 (HC)
Rep v Kachimanga Confirmation Case No 1746 of 2007 (HC)
Rep v Kafwambira Confirmation Case No 37 of 2008 (HC)
Rep v Kandodo Confirmation Case No 240 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Kanena Confirmation Case No 130 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Kanyumba Confirmation Case No 904 of 2008 (HC)
Rep v Kapitawo Confirmation Case No 303 of 2005 (HC)
Rep v Kathumba [1997] 1 MLR 390 (HC)
Rep v Katole [1993] 16(1) MLR 472 (HC)
Rep v Kaufa Confirmation Case No 314 of 2011 (HC)
Rep v Kayenda Confirmation Case No 220 of 2003 (HC)
Rep v Keke Confirmation Case No 404 of 2010 (HC)
Rep v Kholoviko [1996] MLR 355 (HC)
Rep v Kotamu Confirmation Case No 180 of 2012 (HC)
Rep v Kufandiko Confirmation Case No 126 of 2009 (HC)
Rep v Lampu Confirmation Case No 89 of 1996 (HC)
Rep v Limbani Confirmation Case No 839 of 2005 (HC)
Rep v Madando [1995] 2 MLR 733 (HC)
Rep v Madelube Criminal Case No 105 of 2008 (HC)
Rep v Mafaiti Confirmation Case No 660 of 1990 (HC)
Rep v Magombo Confirmation Case No 264 of 2011 (HC)
Rep v Makata Confirmation Case 968 of 1996 (HC)
Rep v Mapeni Confirmation Case No 466 of 2010 (HC)
Rep v Masula Criminal Case No 65 of 2008 (HC)
Rep v Matiki [1997] 1 MLR 159 (HC)
Rep v Matindi Confirmation Case No 1699 of 1976 (HC)
Rep v Misomali Confirmation Case No 527 of 1996 (HC)
Rep v Mkoma [1995] 2 MLR 598 (HC)
Rep v Mpira [1982-1984] 10 ALR Mal 67 (HC)
Rep v Msowoya [1987-1989] 12 ALR Mal 394 (HC)
Rep v Mtaya Confirmation Case No 98 of 1995 (HC)
Rep v Mulolo Confirmation Case No 362 of 2012 (HC)
Rep v Mushali Confirmation Case No 242 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Mutawo Confirmation Case No 237 of 1999 (HC)
Rep v Mwakikunga Confirmation Case No 326 of 1998 (HC)
Rep v Mzuzi Confirmation Case No 1607 of 1998 (HC)
Rep v Nabanda [1984-1986] 11 ALR Mal 166 (HC)
Rep v Naphazi Confirmation Case No 386 of 2011 (HC)
Rep v Napulula Confirmation Case No 665 of 2003 (HC)
Rep v Ndamera Confirmation Case No 314 of 2001 (HC)
Rep v Ngomwa Confirmation Case No 1021 of 2003 (HC)
Rep v Nkhata Confirmation Case No 534 of 2003 (HC)
Rep v Nkhoma Confirmation Case No 3 of 1996 (HC)
Rep v Nthara [1984-1986] 11 ALR Mal 338 (HC)
Rep v Nyungwe [1997] 2 MLR 127 (HC)
Rep v Phale [1991] 14 MLR 438 (HC)
Rep v Phiri [1984-1986] 11 ALR Mal 176 (HC)
Rep v Phiri [1993] 16(2) MLR 748 (HC)
Rep v Phiri [1996] MLR 365 (HC)
Rep v Phiri [1997] 2 MLR 92 (HC)
Rep v Sakhwinya Confirmation Case No 359 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Samson Confirmation Case No 169 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Sozinyo [1997] 2 MLR 16 (HC)
Rep v Tembo Confirmation Case No 726 of 2000 (HC)
Rep v Tembo Confirmation Case No 187 of 2013 (HC)
Rep v Tomasi [1997] 2 MLR 70 (HC)
Rep v Wilson; Rep v Khapuleni [1995] 2 MLR 567 (HC)
Rep v Yasin Confirmation Case No 219 of 2012 (HC)
S v Makwanyane 1995 3 SA 391 (CC)
Vinter v United Kingdom Application Nos 66069/09, 3896/10 and 130/10, Merits, 9 July 2013 (ECtHR)
White v Rep Criminal Appeal No 19 of 2007 (HC)
Legislation
Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, 1994
Penal Code, Chapter 7:01 of the Laws of Malawi
Road Traffic Act, Chapter 69:01 of the Laws of Malawi
International instruments
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
Internet sources
Beccaria 1764 http://files.libertyfund.org/files/2193/Beccaria_1476_EBk_v
0.pdf
Beccaria CB 1764 An Essay on Crimes and Punishments http://files.libertyfund.org/files/2193/Beccaria_1476_EBk_v6.0.pdf accessed 20 November 2017
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Esther Gumboh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}